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Pre-American Revolution

Sea Power & Maritime Affairs. Pre-American Revolution. Antiquity to 1763. Admin. Quiz? Assignment?. Today’s Objectives. Lesson 1. Answer 3 Questions. Why do navies exist? Where did they begin? How did they set the pretext for the US navy?. Why do navies exist?.

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Pre-American Revolution

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  1. Sea Power & Maritime Affairs Pre-American Revolution Antiquity to 1763

  2. Admin • Quiz? Assignment?

  3. Today’s Objectives Lesson 1 Answer 3 Questions Why do navies exist? Where did they begin? How did they set the pretext for the US navy?

  4. Why do navies exist? • Protect commercial interests • Anti-piracy • Deny competing commercial interests • Rival industries and states • Assist armies during conquest • Transport • Supply • Communications

  5. How did navies begin? Enter Here • Growth of Societies • Expansion of economic interests • Military conquest • Protection of sea commerce

  6. Where did navies begin? Med Focus of this course Asia Not covered in this course Mediterranean States “Age of Galley Warfare” Crete 2,500-1,200 BC Phoenicians 2,000 – 300 BC Greeks 700 – 200 BC Rome 200 BC – 500 AD Byzantine Empire 500 – 1450 AD Turkish Empire 1450 – 1650 AD

  7. Sea Power Cycle Enter Here

  8. “Age of Galley Warfare” What was it? • Longest era of naval warfare • Rowed ship v. Rowed ship • Ship used as a battering ram • Boarding & fighting • Projectiles (missiles) When was it? • Antiquity – 1650 AD • Battle of Lepanto • “Age of Sail Warfare” replaced it

  9. Technology Galley Round Ship • What was it? • Commercial vessel • in antiquity • Good for fighting? Why? • (D) Slow • (D) Few sailors • (D) No protection • (A) Stable on rough seas • (A) Well provisioned • (large hull) • What was it? • “Long Ship” • Fighting vessel in antiquity • Good for fighting? Why? • (A) Fast • (A) Sails & Rowers • (A) Many rowers & marines • (A) Outfit for battle (ram) • (D) Unstable on rough seas • (D) Poorly provisioned

  10. Trireme Changed naval strategy and tactics • 150 rowers - 40 marines • Faster (7-8 kts) - More maneuverable • Ramming & boarding tactics (grapnels then corvus) Trireme

  11. Tactics • Line Abreast & Boarding • Use grapnels to tie boats together in a giant “island” • Board and fight hand-to-hand • Ramming • Projectiles • Arrows • Greek fire • Cannon

  12. Line Abreast

  13. Line Abreast

  14. Line Abreast Naval infantry used to board and capture enemy galleys.

  15. Ramming

  16. Ramming

  17. Ramming Rams used to sink or immobilize enemy galleys.

  18. Greek Fire • Ancient Version of a flamethrower • Ignited evaporated oil • Deadly with wooden ships • First Mention: 500 B.C. • More common use by 800 A.D. (Byzantium)

  19. Videos Age of Galley Battle Ben Hur

  20. Countries and History Starting with Crete…

  21. Crete 2,500-1,200 BC Major Commercial Hub

  22. Phoenicians 2,000-300 BC First Major Naval Empire

  23. Greeks 700-200 BC First to employ well orchestrated maneuvering and ramming tactics. Replaced the old boarding tactics.

  24. Battle of Salamis 480 BC 3rd Persian attempt to conquer Greece Pitted Greek Tactics (ramming) vs. Persian Tactics (grapnels/boarding) Greeks: 500 ships Persians: 1,400 Persians ships / 175,000 sailors & marines / 180,000 soldiers • Greek technology & tactics defeated Persians. Proved several concepts: • Ships are vital for supply • Ships are vital for communications • Small navies with fast ships and effective tactics can defeat larger navies. • ****Gave rise to Greek dominance of the eastern Mediterranean.

  25. Romans 200 BC – 500 AD Roman Navy v. Carthage Navy Roman advantage is hand-to-hand skill Revert to grapnel, corvus, and boarding tactics Prove: Old tactics can be effective if appropriately used Battle of Actium (31 AD) Octavius v. Mark Anthony (and Cleopatria)---comparable size fleets Octavias uses fire missiles to burn Anthony’s fleet Decisive victory from creativity

  26. Byzantine Empire 500–1450 AD West slips into the “Dark Ages,” Byzantine takes over the Med. Dominant power for nearly 1000 years. Challenged by Islam and then Ottoman Empire.

  27. Islam 400-700 AD • Rise of Islam • Fall of Islam in 732 AD following defeats in Constantinople and Gaul

  28. Vikings 800 – 1050 AD • High seas required Broader Ships • Broader Ships = Less Draft + Easier Landings for Invasion

  29. Crusades 1095 – 1300 AD

  30. First Naval Cannon • Gunpowder & naval cannon • Imported from China and far east • Introduced in Byzantium in 1260 • Limitations: • Short distance, inaccurate, long reload time, little skill • Purpose: clearing decks prior to boarding

  31. Ottoman Empire 1450 – 1650 AD

  32. Battle of Lepanto 1571 AD Famous for 2 reasons 1. First great galley battle since Actium (31 AD) 2. Last battle in the age of galley warfare Battle 1. Ottomans vs. anti-Muslim Holy League 2. Coast of western Greece 3. Mostly galley ships (oars) 3. Line abreast tactics

  33. Battle of Lepanto 1571 AD Famous for 2 reasons 1. First great galley battle since Actium (31 AD) 2. Last battle in the age of galley warfare Battle 1. Ottomans vs. anti-Muslim Holy League 2. Coast of western Greece 3. Mostly galley ships (oars) 3. Line abreast tactics

  34. Battle of Lepanto 1571 AD Outcome 1. Ottomans defeated (fall of empire) 2. Christian countries regained naval supremacy in the Med. 3. Age of oar-propelled warships ends 4. Rise of the Age of Sail and European conquest.

  35. “Age of Sail Warfare” AD 1571 - 1861

  36. Key Themes • Technology, strategy, tactics • Rise of Europe • Renaissance • Colonial expansion • Emergence of powerful empires • Portugal, Spain, France, Netherlands, GB • Strong navy was key factor • Evolution of British naval dominance

  37. Today’s Objectives Lesson 1 Answer 3 Questions Why did sail-warfare replace galley-warfare? How did technology change? How did naval tactics change?

  38. Sea Power Cycle Enter Here

  39. Why Age of Sail? Enter Here

  40. Trade in Antiquity Mostly Mediterranean

  41. Trade in 100 AD Silk road to the East

  42. Trade in 1000 AD Robust Trade Network

  43. Trade in 1700 AD “Oceanic Age” or “Age of Exploration” Trade on all continents

  44. Why not earlier? • Misunderstanding of geography • Ship design limitations • Medieval Kings could not afford ocean exploration or navies • Called on merchants when needed • Broad-beamed, singled-masted ships • Mostly grapneling and brutal battles

  45. What sparked it? • Silk & spice route to India • Venetian and Muslims control it • All trade to east had to go through Middle East • Question: Is there another route? • Water route?

  46. What sparked it? • Silk & spice route to India • Venetian and Muslims control it • All trade must transit Middle East • Tariffs get expensive • Question: Another route? Water route?

  47. What sparked it? • Silk & spice route to India • Venetian and Muslims control it • All trade must transit Middle East • Tariffs get expensive • Question: Another route? Water route? 2. Idea: Is the world Round? • Scholarly belief since antiquity • Eratosthenes diameter at 21,000 NM (pretty accurate) in 300 B.C. • Problem: 12,000 miles to India (via sailing west) • No ship could provision for such a long voyage • Solution: Can we get around Africa?

  48. Cape of Good Hope 1488 **Portuguese were first • King Henry (“the Navigator”) and King John II were big supporters of sea trade • Commissioned Dias to try Bartolomeau Dias • 1487 – 1488 • Called: “Cape of Storms” • Later named: “Cape of Good Hope” • **Long but Possible

  49. Caravel Cape of Good Hope 1488

  50. India 1498 Vasco de Gama 2 voyages to India • 1st: 1/2 crew dies of scurvy • 2nd: Acts of cruelty to Indians

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