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Engineering Education and the Challenges of the 21st Century. Charles M. Vest President, National Academy of Engineering Samuel Ginn Lecture in Engineering Auburn University September 22, 2009. Engineering Education and Challenges. 21st century Engineering and Science Globalization
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Engineering Education and the Challenges of the 21st Century Charles M. Vest President, National Academy of Engineering Samuel Ginn Lecture in Engineering Auburn University September 22, 2009
Engineering Education and Challenges • 21st century Engineering and Science • Globalization • Grand Challenges • Innovation • Engineering Education
21st Century Engineering and Science New Frontiers Interdisciplinary Interrelated Use-Inspired
Frontiers of Technology
Frontiers of Technology Tiny Systems Nano Bio Info Macro Systems Energy Environment Health Care Manufacturing Communications Logistics
Frontiers of Technology Natural Science Tiny Systems Nano Bio Info Macro Systems Energy Environment Health Care Manufacturing Communications Logistics Social Science
The Payoff will come from Bridging the Frontiers TINY SYSTEMS Bio Info Nano MACRO SYSTEMS Energy Environment Health Care Manufacturing Communications Logistics … Bio-based materials Biomemetics Personalized, Predictive Medicine Synthetic Biology Biofuels Etc.
Genomic Research
Biology Genomic Research
Biology Clinical Insight Combinatorial Mathematics Genomic Research Robotics And Automation Microfabrication
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
Imaging Cell Biology Micro Sensors Brain Research Computation Complex Systems
Imaging Cell Biology Micro Sensors Brain Research Computation Complex Systems
Increasingly Use-Inspired
R&D is increasingly performed in “Pasteur’s Quadrant” Research is inspired by: Consideration of use? No Yes Pure Basic Research (Bohr) Quest for Fundamental Understanding? Yes Pure Applied Research (Edison) No Adapted from Pasteur’s Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation, Donald E. Stokes 1997
R&D is increasingly performed in “Pasteur’s Quadrant” Research is inspired by: Consideration of use? No Yes Pure Basic Research (Bohr) Use-inspired Basic Research (Pasteur) Quest for Fundamental Understanding? Yes Pure Applied Research (Edison) No Adapted from Pasteur’s Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation, Donald E. Stokes 1997
R&D is increasingly performed in “Pasteur’s Quadrant” Research is inspired by: Consideration of use? No Yes Pure Basic Research (Bohr) Use-inspired Basic Research (Pasteur) Quest for Fundamental Understanding? Yes Former University Presidents (Vest) Pure Applied Research (Edison) No Adapted from Pasteur’s Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation, Donald E. Stokes 1997
Globalization R&D Higher Education Movement and Integration
Globalization of R&D and Talent
New R&D Investments R&D Expenditures and Share of World Total Data for 2002 Source: Science and Engineering Indicators, NSF 2008
New Players Where the Expertise is Source: Competitiveness Index 2007, Council on Competitiveness, Washington, DC
First Engineering Degrees(China Rises.) China thousands Japan US Source: Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, National Science Foundation, Washington, DC
How do we compare with the Rest of the World? Source: NSF Science and Engineering Indicators 2008
What About the Rest of the World? A Problem Source: NSF Science and Engineering Indicators 2008
Globalization of Higher Education
Research University Globalization Phase I Germany Humboldt University 1800s IITs India 1960’s Acceleration Asia 2000’s Bologna Europe 2010 2000s! Berkeley, Stanford, Michigan, UC, … 1800s /1900s USA Johns Hopkins 1800s MIT, Caltech, RPI, … 1800s / 1900s
Research University Globalization Phase II • Physical Presence in Other Countries • Campuses • Laboratories • Strategic Alliances Between Universities • Virtual Presence in Other Countries • Distance Education • Synchronous • Asynchronous • Open Content: The Emerging Meta-University • Teaching Materials • Scholarly Archives • Telepresent Laboratories
Research University Globalization Phase II • Physical Presence in Other Countries • Campuses • Laboratories • Strategic Alliances Between Universities • Virtual Presence in Other Countries • Distance Education • Synchronous • Asynchronous • Open Content: The Emerging Meta-University • Teaching Materials • Scholarly Archives • Telepresent Laboratories
MIT OpenCourseWare (OCW) • Concept: Make the basic teaching materials for 1,900 MIT subjects available on the Web to teachers and learners everywhere free of charge. • Publication -- Not Teaching per se. • An adventure!
18.0% 19.6% 41.9% 8.4% 4.9% 1.4% 4.4% MIT OCW – Traffic by Region % web hits since 10/1/03
The Meta UniversityA Personal View What we are observing is the early emergence of a Meta University -- a transcendent, accessible, empowering, dynamic, communally-constructed framework of open materials and platforms on which much of higher education worldwide can be constructed or enhanced.
Then Brain Drain
Then Now Brain Drain Brain Circulation
Then Now Brain Drain Brain Circulation Next Brain Integration
MIT Center for Collective Intelligence Core research question: How can people and computer be connected so that collectively they act more intelligently than any person, group, or computer has ever done before?
Grand Challenges for Engineering • Proposed by a committee of amazingly accomplished and innovative people. • Extremely challenging and important. • Deemed to be doable in the next few decades.
Grand Challenges Committee • Bill Perry, chair • Sir Alec Broers • Farouk El-Baz • Wes Harris • Bernadine Healy • Daniel Hillis • Calestous Juma • Dean Kamen • Ray Kurzweil • Bob Langer • Jaime Lerner • Bindu Lohani • Jane Lubchenco • Mario Molina • Larry Page • Rob Socolow • Craig Venter • Jackie Ying
Engineering Grand Challenges Provide Energy From Fusion Make Solar Energy Economical Develop Carbon Sequestration Methods Provide Access to Clean Water Manage the Nitrogen Cycle Restore and Improve Urban Infrastructure Advance Healthcare Informatics Engineer Better Medicines Reverse Engineer the Brain Prevent Nuclear Terror Enhance Virtual Reality Secure Cyberspace Advance Personalized Learning Engineer the Tools of Scientific Discovery
Engineering Grand Challenges www.engineeringchallenges.org Energy Environment Global Warming Sustainability Reducing Vulnerability to Human and Natural Threats Expand and Enhance Human Capability And Joy Improve Medicine and Healthcare Delivery
Life Sciences and Information Technology 21st century Innovation
21st century Innovation Disruptive Technologies For Grand Challenges
Macro Systems especially Energy 21st century Innovation
21st century Innovation A new Enabling Technology?