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Earthquakes and earthquake (or seismic) waves

Earthquakes and earthquake (or seismic) waves. Pages 332-333, 338-341, 358-361. EARTHQUAKE: Vibrations caused by the sudden release of energy stored in the rocks (page 332). SEISMIC WAVES or EARTHQUAKE WAVES : Energy that moves through the earth because of an earthquake (page 332).

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Earthquakes and earthquake (or seismic) waves

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  1. Earthquakes and earthquake (or seismic) waves Pages 332-333, 338-341, 358-361

  2. EARTHQUAKE: Vibrations caused by the sudden release of energy stored in the rocks (page 332) SEISMIC WAVES or EARTHQUAKE WAVES : Energy that moves through the earth because of an earthquake (page 332)

  3. PROPERTIES OF WAVES • In a uniform medium, a wave radiates outwards as concentric spheres at constant velocity • Velocity of a wave depends on the nature of the medium • When a wave passes from one medium to another, it refracts (bends) and/or reflects (page 358)

  4. Surface waves Travel along the surface of the earth There are two broad groups of seismic waves (page 338) Body waves Can travel through the interior of the earth

  5. Body waves are used to study the internal structure of the earth (pages 358-359) Two different types of body waves (page 338) PRIMARY or COMPRESSIONAL waves (P-waves) SECONDARY or SHEAR waves (S-waves)

  6. http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/waves/WaveDemo.htm Compressional Wave (P-Wave) Animation Deformation propagates. Particle motion consists of alternating compression and dilation. Particle motion is parallel to the direction of propagation (longitudinal). Material returns to its original shape after wave passes.

  7. http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/waves/WaveDemo.htm Shear Wave (S-Wave) Animation Deformation propagates. Particle motion consists of alternating transverse motion. Particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of propagation (transverse). Transverse particle motion shown here is vertical but can be in any direction. However, Earth’s layers tend to cause mostly vertical (SV; in the vertical plane) or horizontal (SH) shear motions. Material returns to its original shape after wave passes.

  8. P-waves are faster than S-waves • Both P-and S- waves travel faster through denser material • Only P-waves can travel through liquids • P- waves travel faster through solids than through liquids

  9. S-waves do not pass through the outer core Figure on page 359

  10. P-waves can pass through parts of the core Figure on page 359

  11. The instrument used to record an earthquake Seismograph (page 339) The actual record of an earthquake Seismogram

  12. (Page 341) Amplitude Seismograms record the AMPLITUDE (height of the peaks) of the seismic waves against TIME along the horizontal axis

  13. What is the maximum amplitude recorded on this seismogram?

  14. What is the maximum amplitude recorded on this seismogram?

  15. RICHTER MAGNITUDE SCALESpecifies the amplitude of the largest ground motion generated by the earthquake at a seismograph station located 100 km from the epicenter

  16. Characteristics of Richter Scale • The amplitude can be measured directly from a seismogram (more quantitative) • The scale is logarithmic (page 341) • An increase of one magnitude on the Richter scale means approximately 30- fold increase in energy released (page 341)

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