AVIATION SAFETY & SECURITY MANAGEMENT

1. AVIATION SAFETY & SECURITY MANAGEMENT Last session’s recap • Definition – human factors in aviation & medicine • Reasons behind introduction • Poor decision making • Human performance • Human error • Management of human error • Engineering control strategies • Administrative control strategies • Regulatory practices Francis Lasalo Ngonga

2. Cont. of last session’s recap Appropriate labour practices Francis Lasalo Ngonga

3. LEGAL ASPECTS OF AVIATION SAFETY Introduction KCAA – AC no. CAA AC-GEN001A – Introduction to the civil aviation regulations (CARs) CARs have been harmonized in the East African countries under the umbrella of CASSOA Re-certifications and or fresh certifications are now needed for the various services/categories following the harmonization exercise CARs are issued in sets with each set dealing with a specific kind of aviation activity or specialty Currently there are 12 such activities Francis Lasalo Ngonga

4. Cont. of introduction The 12 activities include: • Aerial work • a/c registration & marking • Airworthiness • Approved maintenance organization (AMO) • Air operator certification & administration (AOC) • Aviation training organization (ATO) • Commercial air transport operations by foreign air operator in and out of EAC • Instruments and equipment • Operation of a/c • Personnel licensing Francis Lasalo Ngonga

5. Cont. of introduction • Parachute operations • Rules of air & air traffic control • Each regulation is complete • Some regulations have schedules to expound on certain areas • Hierarchical conventional numbering format is followed • Regulations are cross referenced to each other where especially they relate to one another • Generally technical terms are defined in the beginning of the regulations Francis Lasalo Ngonga

6. Cont. of introduction • Ordinary dictionary words & legal terms are not normally defined Francis Lasalo Ngonga

7. Cont. of Introduction • Interpretation of certain terms: • Shall – mandatory requirement • May – discretion • Includes – means includes but not limited to • Approved – authority has issued a formal written approval • Acceptable – authority has reviewed but has neither objected nor approved • Prescribed – authority has written a policy or methodology which is either mandatory or discretionary • Offences and penalties are stipulated Francis Lasalo Ngonga

8. Cont. of Introduction • Guidance material – convey general and technical information • Clarifies or amplifies certain regulations at times Francis Lasalo Ngonga

9. International air law • States are encouraged to ratify international air law instruments • Assists in registration of appropriate various agreements dealing with commercial aviation for instance: • Compensation for damage caused by a/c to third parties arising from acts of unlawful interference or from general risks • Acts or offences of concern to the international aviation community and not covered by existing air law instruments Francis Lasalo Ngonga

10. ICAO • Specialized UN agency – global forum for civil aviation • Vision – safe, secure and sustainable development of civil aviation through the corporation of member states • Created on 7 December 1944 – convention on international civil aviation – signed in Chicago • Became effective on 4 April 1947 • Incorporates 96 articles – assists in formulating ISARPS • The convention has 18 annexes • Secretariat is headed by the SG Francis Lasalo Ngonga

11. Cont. of ICAO • ICAO has 5 main divisions, namely the: • Air navigation bureau • Air transport bureau • Technical cooperation bureau • Legal bureau and • Bureau of administration and services • ICAO works with other specialized agencies of UN Francis Lasalo Ngonga

12. Cont. of ICAO • The 18 annexes of ICAO convention are: • Personnel licensing • Rules of the air • Meteorological services for international air navigation • Aeronautical charts • Units of measure to be used in air and ground operations • Operation of aircraft • Aircraft nationality and registration marks • Airworthiness of aircraft • Facilitation Francis Lasalo Ngonga

13. Cont. of ICAO • Aeronautical communications • Air traffic services • Search and rescue • Aircraft accident and incident investigations • Aerodromes • Aeronautical information services • Environmental protection • Security – safeguarding international civil against acts of unlawful interference • The safe transportation of dangerous goods by air Francis Lasalo Ngonga

14. CASSOA • Civil aviation safety & security oversight agency is a self-auditing institution of the East African region • Protocol signed on 18 April 2007 by Kenya, Tanzania & Uganda • Established by the heads of states on 18 June 2008 in Kampala, Uganda • Its duty is to ensure the development of safe & secure civil aviation system in the region • Current members are: • Kenya Civil Aviation Authority • Uganda Civil Aviation Authority • Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority Francis Lasalo Ngonga

15. Cont. of CASSOA • Rwanda Civil Aviation Authority • Burundi Civil Aviation Authority Francis Lasalo Ngonga

16. SECURITY CHALLENGES IN AVIATION • Aviation security - Abbreviated as AVSEC • Can be defined as: • Measures, procedures or rules • Human or personnel • Materials, equipment or resources • All made to safeguard civil aviation against unlawful interferences Francis Lasalo Ngonga

17. Cont. of Security Challenges in Aviation • In the early days of flying AVSEC was not an issue • 1st recorded flight – 17 December 1903 by the Wright brothers at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina • 1st commercial airline was created in 1912 by Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin • 1st known recorded a/c hijack was on 24 November 1971 by Don Cooper, flight 305, North West Orient from Portland, Oregon, USA • AVSEC began to be taken seriously • FAA’s Aviation Security Research and Development was created in 1974 to advance civil aviation security issues Francis Lasalo Ngonga

18. Cont. of Security Challenges in Aviation AVSEC is briefly classified into: • Legal framework (program) • Focuses on international conventions, agreements & protocols • Domestication of the above • Forms the legal basis of the international civil aviation security • Technical program • Team of security technocrats – they develop & review security docs • Provide guidance and recommendations on how to comply with the ISARPS of annex 17 Francis Lasalo Ngonga

19. Cont. of Security Challenges in Aviation AVSEC IN GENERAL • At ICAO falls under Air Transportation Bureau • Develops ISARPS - International Standards And Recommended Practices • Assists member states to comply ICAO ANNEX 17 • Deals with aviation security – designated by article 37 • 8th edition booklet – dated July 2006 • Lists the ISARPS • Issued on 22 March 1974 • Guide – Must comply with standards - Try to comply with recommended practices Francis Lasalo Ngonga

20. Cont. of Security Challenges in Aviation ICAO VISION ON SECURITY • Safe, secure and sustainable civil aviation development • Several strategic objectives for 2005 – 2010 No. 2 is on security which is to enhance global/civil aviation security Francis Lasalo Ngonga

21. Cont. of Security Challenges in Aviation Cost of security • It is enormous, not just in money resources in general • Cost primarily ought to be borne by the state, however, all players are forced to chip in by circumstances • State must protect the a/c and all in both on ground & in the air • For example in 2002 extra AVSEC costs were over 5 billion US dollars • Events of Sep 11, 2001 made civil aviation become a stigma • The realization that civil a/c could become instruments of terror Francis Lasalo Ngonga

22. Thank you very much for your attention and cooperation Clarifications, questions and feedback Francis Lasalo Ngonga