Chapter 28, part 4

1. Chapter 28, part 4 The Reproductive System

2. Uterine cycle • Repeating series of changes in the endometrium • Continues from menarche to menopause • Menses • Degeneration of the endometrium • Menstruation • Proliferative phase • Restoration of the endometrium • Secretory phase • Endometrial glands enlarge and accelerate their rates of secretion

3. Figure 28.20 The Uterine Cycle Figure 28.20

4. The vagina • Major functions • Passageway for elimination of menstrual fluids • Receives the penis during sexual intercourse • Forms the inferior portion of the birth canal

5. Figure 28.21 The Histology of the Vagina Figure 28.21

6. External genitalia • Vulva • Vestibule • Labia minora and majora • Paraurethral glands • Clitoris • Lesser and greater vestibular glands

7. Figure 28.22 The Female External Genitalia Figure 28.22

8. Mammary glands • Pectoral fat pad • Nipple surrounded by the areola • Function in lactation under control of reproductive hormones PLAY Animation: Female Reproductive System Flythrough

9. Figure 28.23 The Mammary Glands Figure 28.23a-c

10. Hormones of the female reproductive cycle • Control the reproductive cycle • Coordinate the ovarian and uterine cycles

11. Hormones of the female reproductive cycle • Key hormones include: • FSH • Stimulates follicular development • LH • Maintains structure and secretory function of corpus luteum • Estrogens • Have multiple functions • Progesterones • Stimulate endometrial growth and secretion

12. Figure 28.25 The Hormonal Regulation of Ovarian Activity Figure 28.25

13. Figure 28.26 The Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle Figure 28.26a-c

14. Figure 28.26 The Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle PLAY Animation: Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle Figure 28.26d-f

15. SECTION 28-4The Physiology of Sexual Intercourse

16. Male sexual function • Arousal • Leads to erection of the penis • Parasympathetic outflow over the pelvic nerves • Emission and ejaculation • Occur under sympathetic stimulation • Results in semen being pushed toward external urethral opening • Detumescence • Subsidence of erection • Mediated by the sympathetic nervous system

17. Female sexual function • Stages are comparable to those of male sexual function • Arousal causes clitoral erection • Vaginal surfaces are moistened • Parasympathetic stimulation causes engorgement of blood vessels in the nipples

18. SECTION 28-5Aging and the Reproductive System

19. Menopause • The time that ovulation and menstruation cease • Typically around age 45-55 • Accompanied by a decline in circulating estrogen and progesterone • Rise in GnRH, FSH, LH

20. Male climacteric • Levels of circulating testosterone begin to decline • FSH and LH levels rise • Gradual reduction in sexual activity

21. You should now be familiar with: • The components of the reproductive system, and their functions • The components of the male and female reproductive systems • The processes of meiosis and gametogenesis in both sexes

22. You should now be familiar with: • The roles played by the male reproductive tract and accessory glands in the functional maturation, nourishment, storage, and transport of spermatozoa • The anatomical, physiological, and hormonal aspects of the male and female reproductive cycles • The physiology of sexual intercourse