Exploring the Mole in Chemistry: A Comprehensive Guide

1. ChemistryChapter 7 – Chemical Quantities

2. Section 7.1 The Mole: A Measurement of Matter • Objectives: • Describe how Avogadro’s number is related to a mole of any substance • Calculate the mass of a mole of any substance

3. What Is a Mole? • Mole(mol) – a quantity which represents 6.02 x 1023 representative particles of any given substance. • Avogadro’s Number – 6.02 x 1023 or 1 mole • The term “mol” is similar to: dozen, ream, bushel • Representative particle – the species present in a substance: atoms, molecules, formula units, ions. Molecular compounds Ionic compounds

4. How large is a mol? • A mol of golf balls: • lined up would go to the sun and back ~1 billion times (dist to sun is ~92,000,000 miles) • A mol of animal moles: • spread over the Earth would make a layer 8 million animal moles thick

5. Conversion Factors • 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 atoms • 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 molecules • 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 formula units • 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 particles • 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 ions

6. Ex: How many atoms are there in 1.14 mol Ag? 1.14 mole Ag x 6.02 x 1023 atoms = 6.8628 x 1023 atoms Ag 1 mole Ag 6.86 x 1023 atoms Ag

7. Ex: How many moles of magnesium is 1.25 x 1023 atoms of magnesium?

8. Ex: How many moles of NO2 are there in 4.65 x 1024 molecules of NO2? 4.65 x 1024 molecules NO2 x 1 mole NO2= 7.724 mol NO2 6.02 x 1023 molecules NO2 7.72 moles NO2

9. Ex: How many molecules is 0.360 mol of water?

10. Caution! • Be careful when being asked to convert moles of a compound into atoms! • We will need to multiply the final answer by the number of atoms in the compound. MOLE CROSSING

11. Ex: How many atoms are there in 1.14 mol SO3?

12. Ex: How many atoms are in 2.12 mol of propane (C3H8)?

13. The Mass of a Mole of an Element • The gram atomic mass (gam) is the atomic mass of an element expressed in grams. We will use the periodic table to determine this. • Gram atomic mass of Carbon = 12.01 g • Gram atomic mass of Nitrogen = 14.01g • Gram atomic mass of Sulfur = 32.06 g • The gram atomic mass is equivalent to one mole of the atom.

14. The Mass of a Mole of a Compound • The gram molecular mass (gmm) of any molecular compound is the mass of 1 mole of that compound. We will again use the periodic table to determine this. • Find the gram molecular mass of the following: • H2O2 • N2O5 • Ca(OH)2

15. The Mass of a Mole of a Compound • The mass of one mole of an ionic compound is the gram formula mass (gfm). A gram formula mass is calculated the same way as a gram molecular mass. • Find the gram molecular mass of the following: • CaI2 • (NH4)2CO3

16. Section 7.1 The Mole: A Measurement of Matter • Did We Meet Our Objectives? • Describe how Avogadro’s number is related to a mole of any substance • Calculate the mass of a mole of any substance

17. Section 7.2 Mole-Mass and Mole-Volume Relationships • Objectives: • Use the molar mass to convert between mass and moles of a substance • Use the mole to convert among measurements of mass, volume, and number of particles

18. The Mass of a Mole of an Element • Molar mass – mass of 1 mol of any substance.Can be used in calculations involving elements, molecular compounds, and ionic compounds • 1.0 mol of C has a mass of 12.01 g • 12.01 g/mol • 1.0 mol of H2 has a mass of 2.02 g • 2.02 g/mol • 1.0 mol H2O has a mass of 18.02 g • 18.02 g/mol

19. Find the mass, in grams, of 2.5 mols of Na. • Find the number of mols in 75.0 g of dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3).

20. Find the mass, in grams, of 3.0 mols of molecular oxygen • Find the number of moles in 236.5g of CuSO4

21. Volume of a Mole of Gas • Standard temperature and pressure (STP) – conditions in which gas volumes are generally measured • Standard Temperature: 0 oC, 273 K, or 32 oF • Standard Pressure: 101.3 kPa, 1 atm, 760 mm Hg • Molar volume – 1 mol of any gas at STP takes up 22.4L of space.

22. Volume of a Mole of Gas • What is the volume of 0.960 mol of CH4 at STP? • What is the volume of 1.5 mol of N2 at STP?

23. Volume of a Mole of Gas • How many mols are in 2.50L of CO2 at STP? • What is the molar mass of a gas with a density of 1.964 g/L?

24. The Mole Road Map

25. Calculate the number of molecules in 60.0 g NO2 • Calculate the volume, in liters, of 3.24 x 1022 molecules Cl2 at STP.

26. Section 7.2 Mole-Mass and Mole-Volume Relationships • Did We Meet Our Objectives? • Use the molar mass to convert between mass and moles of a substance • Use the mole to convert among measurements of mass, volume, and number of particles

27. Section 7.3 Percent Composition and Chemical Formulas • Objectives: • Calculate the percent composition of a substance from its chemical formula or experimental data • Derive the empirical formula and molecular formula of a compound from experimental data

28. Calculating the Percent Composition of a Compound • Percent composition – the relative amounts of each element in a compound • Percent by Mass

29. Ex: An 8.20 g piece of magnesium combines completely with 5.40 g of oxygen to form a compound. What is the percent composition of this compound?

30. Calculating the Percent Composition of a Compound • Percent composition – the relative amounts of each element in a compound • Percent by Composition

31. Ex: Find the percent composition of propane (C3H8).

32. Using Percent as a Conversion Factor • To do this, you multiply the mass of the compound by a conversion factor that is based on the percent composition. • Ex: Calculate the mass of carbon in 82.0 g of propane (C3H8). (Remember, carbon is 81.8%)

33. Calculating Empirical Formulas • Empirical formula – gives the lowest whole number ratio of atoms of the elements in a compound • Empirical formula can sometimes be the molecular formula • CO2 • C6H12O6 CH2O

34. Calculating Molecular Formulas • Show on board & examples

35. Section 7.3 Percent Composition and Chemical Formulas • Did We Meet Our Objectives? • Calculate the percent composition of a substance from its chemical formula or experimental data • Derive the empirical formula and molecular formula of a compound from experimental data