Early American Government and Revolution

1. Early American Government and Revolution

2. America: A British Colony • Colony – a group of people ruled by the government of another country • Salutary Neglect – British government left us alone for almost 200 years and Americans began governing themselves • British citizens left to settle in America – government & laws were set up similar to Britain but because Britain was so far away citizens began governing themselves • Class Discussion Question: Would you follow the your parent’s rules if they were out of town? What would you do different?

3. The 13 Colonies in 1775

4. English Colonies – New England • Unrest in England • King Charles I insisted that people should worship his way • Puritans- member of an English religious group • The Great Migration • Great Migration- Puritans left in 1630s to the Americas because of persecution. • The leader of the Great Migration was John Winthrop. • Massachusetts Bay Colony • Commonwealth - a community in which people work together for the whole. • Winthrop was the governor of the colony. • Settlers had a supposed “agreement” with God to have a holy city.

5. New England Colonies

6. English Colonies – New England • Colonial New England Towns • New England farmers lived in towns and also worked in fields. • Each town had a meetinghouse where they made laws and determine fees for workers. • The New England Way • The meetinghouse was also used for church services, stricter than today. • The Puritans believed that the Bible was the source of truth and disapproved of dancing and playing games. • Challenges to Puritans • Dissenter- someone who challenges the generally accepted views of a Church or society. • Puritans got mad because of Williams because he said the King had no right to sell Indians land. • Quakers faced Persecution • Quakers believed that you found God through your soul and that neither the Bible nor ministers were needed. • Quakers were hanged and tortured for their beliefs. • Economy based on shipping, fishing, and timber.

7. English Colonies – Middle Colonies • New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware • New York was first New Netherlands until England took over New Amsterdam • New Jersey part of original New York • Pennsylvania founded by William Penn for Quakers • Would become place of freedom for all religions • Known as the “Bread Colonies” for production of wheat and other grains • Farming, lumber, and furs key to these colonies

8. Middle Colonies

9. English Colonies – Southern Colonies • Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia • Georgia was a colony originally for common criminals and used as a buffer for other colonies from Spanish and Native American attacks • Tobacco was cash crop at first and cotton wouldn’t be key until the early 1800s • Large plantations and slavery ruled the South

10. The Southern Colonies

11. Types of Government in Colonial America • 2 Systems of government formed: • House of Burgesses - Virginia • Jamestown – established 1607 • Indirect or representative democracy • By 1619, each of the 22 areas surrounding the Jamestown colony elected 2 representatives to the House of Burgesses • Mayflower Compact – Massachusetts • Plymouth Colony – established 1620 • Direct democracy • Members signed the compact • Still active today in New England in the form of Town Hall meetings • Both are examples of Locke’s Social Contract Theory

12. House of Burgesses

13. Mayflower Compact

14. Mayflower Compact "In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord, King James, by the Grace of God, of England, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, e&. Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia; do by these presents, solemnly and mutually in the Presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the General good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, King James of England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620."

15. Colonial Governments • By 1733 all 13 colonies had established governments • All had a governor & legislature • Most legislatures were bicameral (2 houses) • Colonists began to separate themselves from England & rule themselves • Mid 1700s – Britain began to tighten control of the colonists under King George III – needed money to pay debts from the French & Indian War • Wanted to maintain control of resources & markets • Class Discussion: Do you think England had a right to tax the colonists?

16. The French and Indian War French empire collided w/ British empire Competing over the Ohio River Valley

17. Treaty of Paris Proclamation Line of 1763 Britain claimed land east of the Mississippi River Proclamation Line: banned all settlement west of Appalachian Mts. (to ease tensions w/ N.A.) Increased Independent Spirit

18. King George III

19. British Policies • 1. Mercantilism • Policy of encouraging exports and discouraging imports – pushes imperialism • Navigation Acts – would not allow Americans to ship things to other nations which would ensure a British monopoly over colonies

20. Writs of Assistance British Action: Designed to crack down on colonial smuggling Search warrants that allowed British officials to search any place, seize anything at any time Colonial Response: Outraged the merchants of Boston

21. 1660: The Navigation Acts British Action: Designed to keep trade in England and support mercantilism Colonists could only trade goods with England All colonial ships must stop in a British harbor before going to another country Colonial Response: Ignored them (profitable to trade with other countries) Salutary Neglect (relaxed enforcement for continued loyalty)

22. British Policies Cont. • 2. Taxes • Used to pay war debts from the French & Indian War • 1765 Stamp Act – tax on virtually everything paper (newspapers, wills, cards, etc) • Virtual Representation – colonists had no representation in parliament so argued “no taxation without representation” – British government argued the colonies were a part of the British empire and parliament made laws for the good of the empire therefore the colonists were virtually represented

23. Stamp Act

24. British Policies Cont. • Colonists began boycotting goods under the Stamp Act until repealed • Townshend Acts – 1767 – a tax on all imports • “Boston Massacre” in 1770 • Tea Act 1773 – led to the Boston Tea Party • After the Boston Tea Party, King George III enacted the Coercive Acts – 1774 • Colonists called these The Intolerable Acts • Restricted colonists rights including fair trial by jury • Allowed soldiers to search homes • Allowed quartering of soldiers • Class Discussion: Why would quartering soldiers make colonists angry?

25. Boston Massacre

26. Propaganda Poster What side is this cartoon supporting? How are the colonists being treated according to the political cartoon?

27. Boston Tea Party

28. 1st Continental Congress • Colonists response to the Coercive Acts • September 1774 – 12 colonies sent delegates to Philadelphia • Georgia did not – governor was loyal to the King & colonists wanted support of British soldiers to fight Creeks • Sent a letter to King George III demanding restoration of their rights. • Representatives voted a ban on all trade with England till the Intolerable Acts were repealed. Also, colonies to start training soldiers. • This is the 1st time colonies acted together • British response – sent more soldiers which set off the Revolutionary War

29. Carpenter Hall Site of the 1st Continental Congress

30. Between War and Peace • Parliament did not repeal the Intolerable Acts, but added more restrictions • Colonist began to get ready to fight and formed militias. • Militias- an army of ordinary citizens. • Colonial militias were called Minutemen because they needed to be ready to fight in a minute’s notice. • Patrick Henry’s famous speech “Give me liberty, or give me death!”

31. Minutemen

32. Paul Revere’s Ride • Colonists started a spy network to get information on the British. • English spies found out that Minutemen were hiding guns and ammo at Concord and headed there on April 18, 1775 • Paul Revere and his Midnight Ride warned the Minutemen that the British are coming. • Revere was captured in Lexington, but let go without his horse thus ending his ride.

33. The Redcoats are Coming!

34. Battles of Lexington & Concord • Regarded as the first battles of the Revolutionary War • Lexington – 70 minutemen waited for 750 British – resulting in 18 American casualties and 1 British casualty • Concord – minutemen began firing on the British – 250 British casualties & 100 American casualties • Shot heard around the world! • British retreated to Boston and the Revolutionary War began April 19, 1775. • Americans divided on two sides. • Loyalists- colonists who supported the British (Tories) • Patriots- colonists who supported freedom from British rule

35. The Battle at Lexington

36. Second Continental Congress • May 1775 – Philadelphia – deliberated on next steps • January 1776 – Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense – influenced many colonists to join the side for independence • It is only common sense that we be independent • Taxation without representation • Ability to self rule – Self Determination • Economically hurt colonies – Mercantilism & Navigation Acts • King George III is 3000 miles away – Salutary Neglect • Revolutionary propaganda – ideas spread deliberately to help a cause • By 1776, more than half of the members of Cont. Congress agreed with Paine on breaking away from England • Halifax Resolves – April 12, 1776 - North Carolina becomes the first colony to call for independence (pg. 783 in book)

37. Independence Hall Site of the 2nd Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention

38. Common Sense and Thomas Paine

39. Declaration of Independence • Thomas Jefferson wrote the document • Influenced by Thomas Paine – reasons for independence • Influenced by John Locke – Natural Rights • Influenced by Jean Jacques Rousseau – All men are created equal • 4 parts • Preamble – Introduction • Declaration of Rights – explained rights that all people should have • List of Grievances – all that King George III did to the colonists • Formal Declaration of Independence • Approved on July 4, 1776 • A nation is born with war to follow

40. Declaration of Independence

41. Fighting For Independence • Revolution was unavoidable • 1st Battles – NY & NJ • British plan – separate the New England states • Well led troops, well equipped & well trained • Enough money • Large Navy & extra help through German mercenaries - Hessians • Americans – defending their homes • No navy • Little experience, not equipped • Well led – General George Washington • No clothing/uniforms/food

42. Hessians Fighting in America

43. Carrying Out the War • Colonists – surprise attacks & ambushes • British – wait for supplies & unpopular war • Turning Point of war – Battle of Saratoga • Surrender of 6,000 British soldiers • More importantly was that the French joined the American effort • Valley Forge – tough winter before the French joined

44. Battle of Saratoga

45. Difficult Choices • 1/3 of Americans supported the war • 1/3 were indifferent • 1/3 were Loyalists • African Americans – controversial to allow them to fight – slaves were recruited in the end • Native Americans – urged to attack settlers by the British • Women – active in the war by helping in numerous ways but still could not participate in the new nation politically

46. War’s End • British couldn’t win the loyalty of Southerners • Spain entered the war on American side • Surrender at Yorktown, Virginia in October 1781 • Treaty of Paris, 1783 – Officially ended the American Revolution