HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES

1. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES Hist. Pers.

2. Union Growth and Decline • 1897 - 1905 • Increase from 3.5% - 12.3% • 1905 - 1915 • Stayed at about 10-11% • 1915 - 1921 • Increase from 11.2% - 19.6% • 1922- 1933 • Decrease from 19% - 11.8% • 1934 - WWII • Increased from about 11.8% to 21.8%

3. Union Growth and Decline(WWII and Since) • 1945 - 29.9% • 1953 - 32% • 1955 - 35% • Steady Decline since mid 1950’s

4. 1996 Membership/Reprst’d 16.3 million members 18.2 million ees repped Rates 14.5% members 16.2% repped By sector Private nonag 10.2% members; 11.2% repped Public 37.7% members; 43.0% repped 2005 Membership/Reprst’d 15.7M members (-3.7%) 17.2M ees repped (-5.5%) Rates 12.5% members (-13.8%) 13.7% repped (-15.4%) By sector Private nonag 7.9% members -22.5% 8.5% repped -.26.1% Public 36.5% members (-3.8%) 40.5% repped (-6.9%) U.S. Unionization, Comparison of Recent Years Hist. Pers.

5. Historical Influences on U.S. Unionism • Strong Management and Employers • Law and Government Policy • Inability of Unions to Stay Organized Hist. Pers.

6. Labor History: An Overview • Knights of Labor • 1869 - 1890 • Fast Rise and Decline • Industrial Workers of the World • 1905-1920 • class consciousness Hist. Pers.

7. Modern Union Structures • American Federation of Labor • 1881(renamed AFL in 1886) • Conservative • Survival Oriented • Craft Structure • Congress of Industrial Organizations (1935-38) • Industrial Unions • 1955 Merger of AFL and CIO • 2005 Change to Win Federation • Teamsters - Service Employees • Laborers - UFCW • UNITE HERE - Carpenters • Farmworker Hist. Pers.

8. Management Practices(Great Variation in U.S.) • Industrial revolution • Development of modern employment relationship • Scientific management • 1900- 1920’s • Overt Hostility to unions • Mid 1920’s to early 1930’s • Welfare Capitalism and Company Unionism • 1930’s to early 1950’s • resistance to institutionalized adversarialism • Legislation • World War II • Roots of modern collective bargaining system in US and Canada Hist. Pers.

9. Management Practices (cont.) • 1950’s – 70’s • Private Sector • Bifurcated IR system • union and nonunion • Stability • Public Sector • Development of collective bargaining systems modeled on private sector • Limitations on strike and Arbitration as strike substitute • 1980s: Recession, globalization, pro-management labor relations policy Hist. Pers.

10. Management Practices (continued) • 1980’s – business cycle and pro-employer labor policies • Private unionized sector • Movement toward extremes in collective bargaining • Cooperation and workplace change • Conflict and deunionization • Traditional relationships – some concession bargaining • Private nonunion sector • Growing as percentage of labor force • Union avoidance • Evolution of the law • Union avoidance industry Hist. Pers.

11. Management Practices (cont.) • 1990’s • General prosperity and stability in labor policies • focus on employment security, alternative work arrangements, increased union avoidance, joint partnerships • 2000- • Economic slowdown in ’00-03 period • Retrenchment in unionized sectors • Manufacturing • Global competition • Health care • Legacy costs • Government • Tax cuts Hist. Pers.