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Training Managers for 21st Century Fisheries Queenstown, New Zealand December 5-7, 2001

Training Managers for 21st Century Fisheries Queenstown, New Zealand December 5-7, 2001. Gil Sylvia Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station Hatfield Marine Science Center. Laura W. Jodice  Marine Resource Management College of Oceanic & Atmospheric Sciences.

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Training Managers for 21st Century Fisheries Queenstown, New Zealand December 5-7, 2001

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  1. Training Managers for 21st Century FisheriesQueenstown, New ZealandDecember 5-7, 2001 Gil Sylvia Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station Hatfield Marine Science Center Laura W. Jodice  Marine Resource Management College of Oceanic & Atmospheric Sciences Education and Training Overview: Are we responding to the challenge? &

  2. Section 1- Introduction • What is a fisheries manager? • Major demandson training and education in the 21st Century • Responsein past - workshops • Section 2 - Fisheries Management Programs Review • Methods – w/ website intro • Analysis– summary of features, case examples • Comparison with other management disciplines • Section 3 - Conclusion • Findings • Questions for consideration

  3. Specialist supports generalists Specialist with some generalist knowledge Generalist with some specialty Generalist understands the broad complexity of the system Section 1 - IntroductionWhat is a fisheries manager? Breadth or depth? Specialist or Generalist ?

  4. Section 1 - IntroductionWhat is a fisheries manager? Different management niches and levels of responsibility Top level leading change innovation, adaptation policy-making strategic planning evaluation of outcomes decisions about implementation implementation Accountability Mid-level

  5. Institutional model Scientific centralized Pluralistic Rights-based Manager Scientifically trained federal manager makes management decisions for national or regional fisheries Resources are federally owned but regionally appointed representatives develop management policies -- significant public participation Owners of user rights/property rights charged with management responsibilities subject to regional and federal oversight Section 1 - IntroductionWhat is a fisheries manager?Range of Institutional models

  6. Section 1 - IntroductionWhat is a fisheries manager? • Management Sector? • Public sector • Private sector • Non profit-based • Focus/Objectives • Biologically oriented • public and legal mandates • sustainability • regional or national welfare • Private industry organization • maximizing profits or quota value • improving stability • obtaining user rights/privileges • meeting regulatory requirements • Environmentally related • stock preservation • habitat protection • ecosystem management

  7. Section 1 - IntroductionMajor demands on training and education in the 21st Century Increasing complexity and dynamic change Greater need for variety of skills and knowledge, critical thinking, systems thinking, problem solving, conflict resolution, ability to learn, adaptability, leadership More than basic fisheries science or undergraduate

  8. Section 1 - IntroductionStudents Population in the 21st CenturyU.S. perspective More urban? • less in touch w/ commercial fishing, rural economy, recreational hunting/ fishing • grew up playing at the beach and in love with marine mammals Male:Female ratio - more females? • MRM2001 - Fall 2001 = 7F:1M Fall 2000 = 8F:5M Fall 1999 8F:1M Descendents of Environmental Movement? • focus on conservation, preservation, sustainability; managing humans

  9. Section 1 - IntroductionResponse: Past workshops 1968 The Future of the Fishing Industry of the United States - University of Washington College of Fisheries 1978 Fisheries Education in the 1980's - series of fisheries education papers, American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting in Rhode Island 1980UNESCO/FAO Workshop on university curricula in fishery science, Paris, 1980Fisheries Education in Alaska: Creating a Program of Excellence, Anchorage, Alaska (ONLINE) 1986California Sea Grant Workshop, Educating Fisheries Managers, University of California Davis (ONLINE) 199055th North American Wildlife  & Natural Resources Conference; Educational Content of University Fish and Wildlife Programs Based on Expressed Needs of Federal and State Agency Employers. 19912020 Vision - Meeting the Fish & Wildlife Conservation Challenges of the 21st Century, symposium at the 53rd Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference in Des Moines, Iowa.

  10. How have we responded in the past? Historical Overview Tokyo University of Fisheries 1880 Modernization - modern fishing technology from advanced countries -1900 1888 Fisheries Institute founded in Tokyo - fishing techniques, fish-farming, processing, train technical experts in the fishing industry. 1897 Imperial Fisheries Institute in Agriculture and Commerce Ministry - technology transfer and development, practical use of large-scale fishing boats, deep-sea fishing; fisheries food-processing; aquaculture. 1949 Tokyo University of Fisheries - scientific and technological education, and research. 1964 Masters Degree program started - Marine Science and Technology, Aquatic Biosciences, Food Science and Technology. 1987 Doctoral program started - Marine Science and Technology, Aquatic Biosciences, and Food Science and Technology. 1991 Masters degree - Fisheries Resource Management 1993 Doctoral program - Fisheries Resource Management

  11. Section 2 Fisheries Management Programs Review • Methods – w/ website intro • Analysis– summary of features, case examples • Comparison with other management disciplines

  12. Fisheries Management Programs Review Methods • Step 1 - Search for programs: • Reviewed lists of programs • fisheries • other marine • other natural resource management • other management (top business, public administration) • Web literature only (in English) • Focused on... • Graduate programs • Advanced continuing education • Some undergraduate • Step 2 - Created web index - online report

  13. Fisheries Management Programs Review Web Index WEB SITE DEMO on hard drive WEB SITE DEMO online www.coas.oregonstate.edu/mrm/curriculum/TFM21.html

  14. Fisheries Management Programs Review Analysis • Data set • Programs claiming to train for fisheries management • First section of web index • 85 programs (47 institutions) • Results • Part 1 - Organization • Part 2 - Curriculum Content • Part 3 - Program Quality

  15. Fisheries Management Program ReviewGlobal Distribution Location of Fisheries Training Programs in Analysis Norway(1) Ireland(2)(1) Scotland (1) UK (9)(4) Canada(8)(4) Netherlands(1) US(50)(25) Portugal(1) China(1) Indonesia(1) Japan(5)(4) Australia (6)(3) Total programs = 86 Total institutions = 48

  16. Fisheries Management ProgramsDistribution of US Fisheries Management Programs in Analysis Total institutions = 25 U of Washington (4) U of Maine Orono U of Vermont (3) Oregon State (4) UMASS Cornell(4) URI (2) Utah State (2) Humboldt State (2) U of Maryland Ohio State (2) Colorado State (2) UDEL U of Missouri VIMS (2) Virginia Tech U of Georgia U of Alaska Fairbanks & Auke Bay U of Arizona (2) Auburn (5) Florida State Texas A&M U of Florida (2) U of Miami (2)

  17. Fisheries Management Programs Review Analysis, part 1 - Organization • Variation in organization - eg. major, minor, concentration • Title of degree - eg. Fisheries Science, Natural Resources • Degree level - eg. MS, PhD, Postgrad. Diploma

  18. Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 1Variation in Organization of Academic Programs Generalist Specialist • Science • Fisheries, Aquatic or Marine Science • Fisheries Science w/ certificate in management or policy • Fisheries Economics or Resource Economics w/ focus on fisheries • Ocean and Coastal Law w/ focus on fisheries • Management • Fisheries and/or Wildlife Management • Marine or Natural Resource Management w/ concentration or emphasis in fisheries • Marine Affairs/Policy with emphasis in fisheries (UW; Maine) • Dual or joint degree - w/ business or public admin

  19. Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 1Title of Degree f Total Fisheries = 71% f f

  20. Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 1Degree Level in sample Minimum # indicates only those undergraduate programs of significance

  21. Fisheries Management Programs Review Analysis, part 2- Curriculum content • Mission/goals - key words • Strategy: • Disciplinary foundation - e.g. oceanography, fish & wildlife • Science:Management ratio in required coursework • Science core - key words • Management core - key words • Skills - key words

  22. Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 2Range in Mission/Goals University of Florida, Dept. of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences “train graduate students for entry-level, professional positions in areas of fisheries biology, aquatic resource management, and/or aquaculture and provide a solid, scientific foundation for further graduate work leading to the Ph.D. degree. “ University of Georgia Warnell School of Forest Resources “development of scientists and professional resource managers capable of leadership in the identification, analysis, and solution of resource-related problems through understanding and application of biological, economic, social, and analytical principles.”

  23. Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 2Mission/Goal Key Words

  24. Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 2Strategy - Disciplinary Foundation

  25. Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 2 Strategy - Science : Management Ratio Science Management

  26. Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 2Science Core (course & emphasis)(key words came from literature review)

  27. Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 2Management Core (courses & emphasis)(key words came from literature review)

  28. Communications Fisheries Management Programs Review - Analysis - part 2Skills Administrative Research “Team work is very low” Noah Jodice Age 7 Problem-Solving

  29. Fisheries Management Programs Review -Analysis - part 2Courses w/ skill training - Example #1 Department of Forestry • Forest Administration and Organization. (3) Three hour lecture. Hierarchy and land structuring of forest organizations. Legal aspects of administering forest and holdings. • Course Objectives: • 1. Understand and appreciate who owns forest land, the kinds and structure of • forestry organizations that administer forest properties, forms of ownership and • how properties are financed. • 2. Learn about organization theory including leadership, motivation, worker • empowerment and communication. • 3. Learn and develop skills in negotiation, team building, group processes, Total Quality Management and professional protocol.

  30. Fisheries Management Programs Review -Analysis - part 2Courses w/ skill training - Example #2 • Principles of Management (3) Basic theories, concepts, principles, and functions of modern management and administration. Planning, organizing, staffing, and human resources management, directing and supervising, communication, controlling, evaluating and budgeting responsibilities in public agencies and private industries, and social and ethical considerations, are among the principal topics emphasized. • Papers: • 1)2 Memos • 2)Leadership - “gap analysis of the distance between you and your leadership role model” • 3)Problem Solving - apply the decision-making framework to a problem you may or have encountered in your professional career

  31. Fisheries Management Programs Review -Analysis - part 2Skill Training - Example #3 Continuing Education - Leadership Program • Features: • Enhance the productivity and effectiveness • Two levels: • Level I -Technical Leadership - GS 5-11 and entry level • various courses focusing on technical skills • Level II - Program Leadership - mid - level managers • Leadership and Communication • Natural Resource Policy • Values and Economics • Program Management • Project necessary to graduate from Level II = Program Plan

  32. Fisheries Management Programs Review Analysis, part 3 - Program Quality • Training Capacity • facilities • partnerships • independence • Flexibility • required vs. elective courses • degree options (dual degree, flexible -learning, continuing education) • Capstone • courses - integrated courses that for systems thinking • opportunities - leadership, team work, decision-making

  33. Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3Training Capacity Facilities # Institutions = 47 OSU RV Wecoma Access to Fishing Industry 24(51%) OSU HMSC - Newport Associated Marine Lab 27 (57%) Tokyo Univ. Fisheries Coos Bay, Oregon Research or training vessel 25 (53%)

  34. Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3 Training Capacity Partnerships - Example #1 • Government Partnership • Florida State University/NMFS Institute for Fishery Resource Ecology • vehicle to combine university and agency expertise • address marine resource issues of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico that affect Florida, the southeastern United States, and the rest of the nation.

  35. Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3 Training Capacity Partnerships - Example #2 Government & International • University of Tromso, NORWEGIAN COLLEGE OF FISHERY SCIENCE • M.Sc. in International Fisheries Management(2 yr) • Features: • interdisciplinary education - practical aim • economics and biology, technology, principles of organization, and law • dissertation related to home country • Focus on international students - scholarships • English Taught Quota Program - certain number of student places for study programmes specially designed for applicants from certain countries (developing countries and some Eastern European countries). • NORAD (Norwegian Agency For Development Cooperation)assist developing countries; lasting improvements in political, economic and social conditions for the entire population within the limits imposed by the natural environment and the natural resource base.

  36. Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3 Training Capacity Independence (or dependence on other departments)

  37. ORGANIZATION • College of Marine • Fishing technology, • International Fisheries and Policy • Fishery Resources and Environment • Fishery Engineering Facilities • College of Fishery • Aquaculture Science • Water Environment Science • Biological technology • (500 UG, 40 masters) • College of Food Science • processing & utilization • (765 UG, 35 masters) • College of Economics and Trade • Fishery economics and management • (672 UG, 5 masters) Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3Exclusive Fisheries University Model - China • Shanghai Fisheries University, China • Multi-discipline, multi-level, fisheries, marine and food sciences • Evolved from Jiangsu Provincial Fishery School founded in 1912. • Also, for the basics: • College of Computer Science • College of Human and Basic Sciences

  38. Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3 Curriculum Flexibility (Required vs Elective Courses) Level of Flexibility

  39. Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3 Degree Option Flexibility - Example #1 Australian Maritime College -“MBA in Marine Resource Management” • TERM 2 • Graduate Diploma in Fisheries Management • Recreational Fisheries Management • Information Processing • Introduction to Law • + 1 Elective Fish Ecology Marine Policy • Distance/Accelerated Courses • Administrative Law • Coastal Zone Management • Conflict, Environment & Social Impact • Economic Applications • Environmental Management Systems • Environmental Policy TERM 3 = 1 year total Masters (Coursework) + Research Project • TERM 1 • Graduate Certificate in FisheriesManagement • Economic Applications • Fisheries Management • Fisheries Biology and Ecology • + 1 Elective • Working professional • Model for Stakeholder training or continuing education 2nd Year Masters (Research) + Thesis

  40. Corporate Environmental Management Program Fisheries Management Programs -Analysis - part 3Degree Option Flexibility - Example #2 Dual Degree • Features: • M.B.A. and M.S. in Natural Resources/Environment. • Highly selective 3-year dual degree program • develops future private and public leaders possessing the requisite mix of scientific literacy, global vision, entrepreneurial creativity, and management skills needed to achieve sustainable commerce and governance. • trained to deal with complex social, ecological and economic interdependencies via an emphasis on transdisciplinary approaches, systems thinking, public-private partnerships, and experiential learning in the field. • Rated by World Resources Institute as "Cutting Edge"

  41. Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3Capstone Opportunities

  42. Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3Capstone Opportunities - Example Synthesis team project • MSPPM Systems Synthesis Projectscapstone experience • Working in a group for a real client • students will tackle a real issue that "synthesizes" their first year coursework in economics, statistics, management science, financial analysis, professional writing and speaking. • guided-and challenged-by a faculty advisor and an advisory board of professionals in the field. • Students propose a project, frame the problem, conduct the analysis, make recommendations and present their findings-just like they'll do in every job they have after graduating from the Heinz School. • Students will find systems stimulating, frustrating, edifying, and exciting. It will be the best professional preparation they could hope for.

  43. Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3Learning from other top management programs • The Learning Model • Success in business comes from experience and knowledge, from the ability to analyze and reflect, from observing and interacting with others, and learning from these encounters. • It's a process of inductive learning that goes beyond facts and theories—a process that teaches individuals not only how to manage organizations, but also how to continually grow and learn throughout life. A process that empowers our students to be architects of their own future.

  44. Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3Comparison with other Management ProgramsLearning from other top management programs • The Case Method at HBS • Bringing real-life business problems into the classroom: this is at the heart of the Harvard Business School experience and the essence of the case method. • primary form of instruction • presents the greatest challenges confronting leading companies today • complete with the constraints and incomplete information found in a real business situation • places the student in the role of the decision maker

  45. Fisheries Management Programs - Analysis - part 3Comparison with other Management ProgramsLearning from other top management programs • Social Enterprise option: • Leadership roles in nonprofit organizations and other social enterprises. • Electives: • Entrepreneurship in the Social Sector • Business Leadership in the Social Sector • Effective Leadership of Social Enterprises - exploring the key determinants of superior performance and sustainability in established social enterprises through cases, lectures, and class visitors; four modules: Mission, Strategy and Structure; Leadership and Management of Human Resources; Governance, Financial Management and Performance Measurement; Leading Change in Social Enterprise Institutions; build skills in leading and reinventing institutions • Field Studies in Social Enterprise

  46. Summary and Findings We Reviewed: • Eighty five “Fishery Management” Programs • Thirty “Management” Programs in other fields We found (in the fishery management programs): • Significant diversity in structure • Strong foundation in traditional fishery science • Courses in varied fields • Relatively little integrative experience • Not ambitious: less emphasis on critical thinking, leadership, systems approaches, decision science

  47. Remaining Questions • If we are devolving from highly centralized management, are we providing the right curriculum/training for managers and stakeholders? • Reviewed many programs with many courses, but are they: • Integrated with effective capstone experiences? • High quality and rigor or a hodge-podge curriculum? • Teaching skills emphasized in leading MBA, Forestry and and Public Administration programs: problem solving, leadership, strategic behavior, lifelong learning, systems thinking, institutional analysis and design?

  48. Remaining Questions • Significant variety of structures and alternative approaches? Is that variety ideal -- or does it represent inadequate understanding of effective educational needs? • Are programs developing intellectual leaders and policy entrepreneurs who can “break out” of institutional barriers? • Are these programs effectively educating managers for creating, accessing and analyzing the most vital information, knowledge, and ideas?

  49. Remaining Questions • Should programs and curriculum focus more on ocean management issues? • Relatively few PhD programs – Is there a need? What about dual degree programs? • Should these programs teach “internal” organization management parallel with “external” resource management?

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