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Biofuels: Changing our Agro-economy

Biofuels: Changing our Agro-economy. J. Murillo 1 , J. J. Biernack i 2 , C. P. Bagley 3 , L. Norris 4 , and S . Northrup 1 1 Department of Chemistry, Environmental Science Program 2 Department of Chemical Engineering 3 College of Agriculture and Human Ecology

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Biofuels: Changing our Agro-economy

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  1. Biofuels: Changing our Agro-economy J. Murillo1, J. J. Biernacki2, C. P. Bagley3, L. Norris4, and S. Northrup1 1Department of Chemistry, Environmental ScienceProgram 2Department of Chemical Engineering 3 College of Agriculture and Human Ecology 4 Department of Sociology and Political Science Tennessee Technological University Cookeville, TN

  2. Why am I here today? • Researchers at TTU are developing a technology for production of fuels (other than ethanol) and chemicals from deliberately grown “energy” crops and other agricultural products and by-products. • This work involves engineering and gathering of information on the potential impacts of such a technology on existing farming communities and practices.

  3. There are things we all need… • Food • Fuel • Clothing • Shelter Heating (<5% from wood in US) Some Motor fuels (10% ethanol) Cosmetics Pharmaceuticals Things grown Things taken from the earth Salt Coal and Crude Oil Stone and Minerals Motor fuels Heating fuels Asphalt Synthetic fibers Plastics Fertilizer Herbicides/Pesticides Cosmetics Pharmaceuticals Industrial and House- hold Chemicals

  4. The balance must shift… Taken From Earth Taken From Earth Things Grown Taken From Earth Things Grown Things Grown 2012 Today Long Ago 1750 1800 1850 Industrial Revolution

  5. U.S. History: An ethanol-centric legacy • Ancient times • Along with plant and animal oils, ethanol was used for lamp oil and cooking • Pre-Civil War • 1826: Samuel Morey develops engine prototype that runs on ethanol and turpentine • 1830s: Alcohol blends replaces expensive whale oil • 1860: The inventor of a modern internal combustion engine, Nikolaus Otto, uses ethanol for one of his engines • 1862: Union Congress puts a $2/gallon excise tax on ethanol to help fund the Civil War; no longer cheap enough to be used as illuminating oil. • Payne, W. A.“Are Biofuels Antithetic to Long-term Sustainability of Soil and Water Resources?” Advances in Agronomy 105 (2010): 1-46.

  6. U.S. History: An ethanol-centric legacy • Post Civil War • 1896: Henry Ford builds the Quadricyle to run on pure ethanol • 1906: Congress removes 50-year tax on ethanol; becomes an alternative to motor fuel • 1908: Model T runs on ethanol, gasoline, and a mix of both. • World War I and II • 1911-1918: Need for fuel drives ethanol demand to ≈ 60 Mgal/yr • 1920s: Standard Oil adds ethanol to gasoline to increase octane and decrease knocking; Gas is motor fuel of choice. • Post World War II • 1940s – 1970s: Due to the low price of gasoline, ethanol use as fuel drastically declines; no commercial fuel ethanol available in the U.S. • Payne, W. A.“Are Biofuels Antithetic to Long-term Sustainability of Soil and Water Resources?” Advances in Agronomy 105 (2010): 1-46.

  7. U.S. History: An ethanol-centric legacy • Modern-day Energy Policy • 1992: The Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT) • 2005: The Energy Policy Act of 2005 introduced the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS1) - mandates a 10% ethanol blended in U.S.-sold gasoline by 2012 • 2007: Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Introduced the Renewable Fuels Standard-2 (RFS2), requiring the production of: • 36 Bgal of ethanol-blended gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel by 2022 • Of which 21 Bgal of the renewable fuel must be advanced biofuels* • Of the advanced biofuels, 16 Bgal must come from cellulosic material** *Advanced biofuels as defined by RFS2 excludes biofuels made from corn-starch ethanol. **Lignocellulosic materials is primarily made of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. • Payne, W. A.“Are Biofuels Antithetic to Long-term Sustainability of Soil and Water Resources?” Advances in Agronomy 105 (2010): 1-46.

  8. U.S. Future: More ethanol? • Modern-day Energy Policy • 1992: The Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT) • 2005: The Energy Policy Act of 2005 introduced the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS1) - mandates a 10% ethanol blended in U.S.-sold gasoline by 2012 • 2007: Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Introduced the Renewable Fuels Standard-2 (RFS2), requiring the production of: • 36 Bgal of ethanol-blended gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel by 2022 • Of which 21 Bgal of the renewable fuel must be advanced biofuels* • Of the advanced biofuels, 16 Bgal must come from cellulosic material** 16 Bgal is about 9% of the present US annual motor gasoline production. *Advanced biofuels as defined by RFS2 excludes biofuels made from corn-starch ethanol. **Lignocellulosic materials is primarily made of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. • Payne, W. A.“Are Biofuels Antithetic to Long-term Sustainability of Soil and Water Resources?” Advances in Agronomy 105 (2010): 1-46.

  9. U.S. Future: More ethanol? • Modern-day Energy Policy • 1992: The Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT) • 2005: The Energy Policy Act of 2005 introduced the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS1) - mandates a 10% ethanol blended in U.S.-sold gasoline by 2012 • 2007: Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Introduced the Renewable Fuels Standard-2 (RFS2), requiring the production of: • 36 Bgal of ethanol-blended gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel by 2022 • Of which 21 Bgal of the renewable fuel must be advanced biofuels* • Of the advanced biofuels, 16 Bgal must come from cellulosic material** 16 Bgal is about 9% of the present US annual motor gasoline production. Ethanol, it’s not the only option! *Advanced biofuels as defined by RFS2 excludes biofuels made from corn-starch ethanol. **Lignocellulosic materials is primarily made of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. • Payne, W. A.“Are Biofuels Antithetic to Long-term Sustainability of Soil and Water Resources?” Advances in Agronomy 105 (2010): 1-46.

  10. MotivationA Sustainable Bioenergy Industry • National energy independence by significantly reducing foreign oil imports • Reduce the use of petroleum fuels and petroleum-derived chemical feedstock • Revitalize the agricultural industry and rural economies • Mitigate greenhouse gas emissions due to burning of fossil fuels

  11. Bio-crude What are Biofuels? GEN 1st 2nd Algae 3rd Cherubini, F. “GHG balances of bioenergy systems - Overview of key steps in the production chain and methodological concerns.” Renewable Energy 35 (2010): 1565-1573

  12. Bio-crude What are Biofuels? GEN 1st 2nd Algae 3rd Cherubini, F. “GHG balances of bioenergy systems - Overview of key steps in the production chain and methodological concerns.” Renewable Energy 35 (2010): 1565-1573

  13. Bio-crude What are Biofuels? GEN 1st 2nd Algae 3rd Cherubini, F. “GHG balances of bioenergy systems - Overview of key steps in the production chain and methodological concerns.” Renewable Energy 35 (2010): 1565-1573

  14. Bio-crude What are Biofuels? GEN 1st 2nd Algae 3rd Cherubini, F. “GHG balances of bioenergy systems - Overview of key steps in the production chain and methodological concerns.” Renewable Energy 35 (2010): 1565-1573

  15. Bio-crude What are Biofuels? GEN 1st 2nd Algae 3rd Cherubini, F. “GHG balances of bioenergy systems - Overview of key steps in the production chain and methodological concerns.” Renewable Energy 35 (2010): 1565-1573

  16. Making Bio-crudeThermochemical Conversion BIO-GAS Heat for drying DRY GRIND Condense Cyclone Pyrolysis Reactor BIO-CHAR Heat for Pyrolysis FLUIDIZING GAS BIO-CRUDE “The Biomass Pyrolysis Cycle” http://www.nachhaltigwirtschaften.at/publikationen/forschungsforum/004/teil2.en.html( Accessed 7 October 2012).

  17. Pyrolysis of BiomassStructure of Plant Matter

  18. The Way of the Future Ferrell, John. 2010. Advances in bioenergy: A southern states briefing. Presentation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. January 28.

  19. Balancing Environmental Sustainability and Economics

  20. What is a “sustainable” bioenergy industry? • Payne, W. A.“Are Biofuels Antithetic to Long-term Sustainability of Soil and Water Resources?” Advances in Agronomy 105 (2010): 1-46.

  21. What’s it mean for you?Outlook: Common Biomass Feedstock U.S. Department of Energy. 2011. U.S. Billion-Ton Update: Biomass Supply for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry. R. D. Perlack and B. J. Stokes (Leads), ORNL/TM-2011/244. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. 227p. (Figure ES.4)

  22. How will it change land use?Environmental Conservation Considerations Land-use changes • Direct: new agricultural land is used for energy crops • Indirect: land is repurposed to grow energy crops Cherubini, F. “GHG balances of bioenergy systems - Overview of key steps in the production chain and methodological concerns.” Renewable Energy 35 (2010): 1565-1573

  23. What are others doing?Biorefinery Activity in the US http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/integrated_biorefineries.html (accessed 24 June 2012)

  24. So, why am I here again? Socio-economic impacts of growing energy crops for biofuels in the Upper Cumberland – a participatory approach.

  25. Pyrolysis – An Opportunity to Change Things… QUESTIONS? Thank you

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