Absolute Monarchs of Europe

1. Absolute Monarchs of Europe Ch. 21

2. Absolute Monarchs • Justifications for Royal (Absolute) Power • “Reason of State”- a strong central government was needed to keep order in society. • “Without a strong central authority to keep order, life would be nasty, brutish, and short…society would break down into a war of every man against every man.” – Thomas Hobbes • Divine Right- kings act as God’s deputy on Earth; their commands express God’s wishes. • Growth in Power was achieved by: • Increasing the size of their armies • Raising taxes • Actions that weaken the nobility

3. Louis XIV Absolute Monarchs

4. King Louis XIV • His reign, from 1643 to his death in 1715, lasted seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days. • longest documented reign of any European monarch. • Became ruler when he was only 5, but the true ruler was Cardinal Mazarin until his death; Louis was 23. • Almost immediately, Louis weakened the power of the nobles. • He excluded them from his councils • He didn’t allow criticism of his rule • Built the Versailles Palace to house nobles where he could keep a watchful eye on them • “L’etat, c’est moi” “I am the state”

5. The Palace at Versailles Cost: estimated $2 billion Main building: 500 yards long 2,000 rooms 15,000 acres of gardens 1,400 fountains Labor force: 36,000 laborers 6,000 horses

6. Fancy Pants Louis • Louis spent a fortune to surround himself with luxury. • Every meal was a feast • Nearly 500 cooks, waiters, and other servants worked to satisfy his needs. • While walking around his palace, he enjoyed looking at the fountains. However, there was not enough water pressure to run them all at once. • So, a servant would run ahead of Louis, turn on the fountain just before Louis would see it, then turn it off after he had walked past.

7. Why all the attention? • It obviously appealed to Louis’ arrogance. • However, there was an alternative reason that Louis required his nobles wait on him daily. • During the feudal times, nobles were very powerful because they had tremendous freedom to govern as they wished. • By making the nobles stay within the grounds of Versailles, they no longer had free time to govern. • With no time to govern, they lost control of their subjects and, thus, lost their power. • That power over the citizens now belonged to King Louis. • In this sly way, Louis did limit the powers of the nobles, all without a fight!!!

8. Louis: Smart guy, bad decisions War Result 1667- invaded Spanish Netherlands 1672-invaded Dutch Netherlands 1680’s- many other minor wars with small European countries 1689- Many European countries joined together to defeat France. Now, even the small countries had the protection of the powerful nations. Frequent wars, massive taxation, and a series of poor harvests brought great suffering to the French people. The people were tired of the King Louis. When he died in 1715, the people of France rejoiced.

9. Peter the Great Absolute Monarchs of Russia

10. Peter the Great • A descendant of Michael Romanov, Peter at first had to share the throne with his feeble- minded half brother. • Eventually, Peter became the sole ruler of Russia. • Came to be known as Peter the Great because he was one of Russia’s greatest leaders and reformers. • He was a big man, over 6’6” tall!!!

11. Russia’s differences from Europe • During the beginning of Peter’s reign, Russia was still stuck in the Middle Ages while the rest of Europe was evolving. • Nobles ruled over serfs • Their land was physically cut off from interaction with Western Europe. • Religious differences (remember the Great Schism) had separated the Eastern Christianity in Russia from the Western Christianity in Western Europe.

12. Peter visits the West • 1 year after becoming Czar, he embarked on the a long visit to Western Europe. • His goal was to remake Russia using western ideas & technology; he wanted to Westernize Russia. • He visited England and Austria before returning home. • He increased his power as an absolute ruler by: • Brought the Russian Orthodox Church under state control • Abolished the office of patriarch, which was head of the church • Reduced the power of the wealthy landowners and give it to low ranking families who promised loyalty. • Hired European military offices to drill his soldiers

13. Westernizing Russia • In order to make Russia more like Western Europe, he: • Introduced potatoes, which would later become the staple food of Russia. • Started Russia’s 1st newspaper (edited the 1st edition himself) • Raised women’s status by having them attend social gatherings • Ordered nobles to give up their traditional clothes for Western European fashions.

14. A New Capital • Peter believed Russia’s future depended on having a warm-water seaport. • To promote education and growth, Peter wanted a seaport that would make it easier to travel to the West. • He began building the new capital on the swampy, unhealthy lands close to the Baltic Sea. • An estimated 25,000 to 100,000 died from disease and poor working conditions while building St. Petersburg, which is named after Peter’s patron saint. • When it was finished, he ordered many of the Russian nobles to leave the comforts of Moscow and relocate to St. Petersburg.