Absolute monarchs in Europe REVIEW

1. Absolute monarchs in EuropeREVIEW Chapter 5 in text book Pages 152 to 185

2. # 1 • Hapsburg King • (Spain, Am. Colonies, parts of Italy, Austria, & Netherlands)

3. # 2 • Charles V…1556, divided empire & retired in a monastery • Ferdinand(brother) – Austria & the Holy Roman Empire • Philip II (son) – Spain, Spanish Netherlands, & Am. Colonies

4. # 3 • King of Portugal died w/out heir • Philip was the king’s nephew & seized Portugal • Africa, India, & East Indies

5. # 4 • El Greco (“the Greek”) • Brilliant clashing colors, distorted human figure, & had symbolic emotional expressions in paintings • Showed deep Catholic faith of Spain • Painted saints & martyrs • Diego Velazquez • Used rich colors • Painted the pride of the Spanish monarchy • Court painter to Philip IV of Spain

6. # 5 • Miguel de Cervantes - Wrote Don Quixote de la Mancha • Story… poor Spanish nobleman went crazy after reading too many books about heroic knights & then dressed up as a knight & mistook windmills for giants • Birth of modern European novel

7. # 6 • Spanish empire weakens because of … • Severe Inflation • Taxes • Guilds • Wars • Dutch Revolt

8. # 7 • Rembrandt van Rijn • Portraits of the wealthy middle-class merchants • Group portraits • Used sharp contrast of light and shadows • Jan Vermeer • Had domestic indoor settings • Often painted women doing everyday activities Girl with a Pearl Earring

9. # 8 • Stable government • Economic growth • Had largest fleet of ships in the world • Created the Dutch East India Company

10. # 9 • Feudalism declines & cities grow • National kingdoms centralize authority • Growing middle-class usually backed monarchs • Church authority broke down = monarchs got greater control

11. # 10 • Henry II – died 1559; wife Catherine de Medicis • King Francis II - 15 years old; died 1560 • King Charles IX - 10 years old; died 1574 • King Henry III - 24 years old; died 1589 5. Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) - 1st king of the Bourbon dynasty • Louis XIII - 9 years old • Louis XIV - age of 14; AKA “The Sun King”

12. # 11 • King was 9 years old • leader of Catholic church in France • Effects… • Didn’t allow Protestant cities to have protective walls • Weakened the nobles’ power • Caused France to go into 30 years war

13. #12 • King was 14 years old • was Richelieu’s successor • Effects… • Ended 30 years • higher taxes

14. # 13 • King of Spain Charles II died childless • Throne promised to Louis XIV’s grandson who was 16 years old; Philip of Anjou (Philip V-King of Spain) • European nations didn’t want the French Bourbons to have this much control…WAR • Treaty of Utrecht… • Philip V remained King of Spain • Great Britain took Gibraltar • France gave Great Britain Nova Scotia & Newfoundland • Austrian Hapsburgs took Spanish Netherlands & Spanish lands in Italy • Prussia & Savoy were recognized as kingdom

15. # 14 • POSTITIVES - France ranked above all in art, literature, & statesmanship, military leader of Europe, strong American colonial empire • NEGATIVES – constant wars, debt due to Versailles, resentment over taxes, abuse of power plagued his heirs – led to revolution

16. # 15 • Causes… • Churches in Germany could be either Catholic or Lutheran – NOT Calvinist • Ferdinand II closed Protestant churches in the Czech kingdom of Bohemia & they revolted • German Protestant Princes also saw this as a chance to go after the Catholic emperor Peace of Westphalia… - Ended the 30 years war • France received German territory • German Princes became independent of the Holy Roman emperor

17. # 16 • Maria Theresa (Austrian Queen) • Alliance = Austria, France, & Russia • Frederick II (Prussian King) • Alliance = Prussia & Britain Outcome… • War didn’t change Europe’s borders • France lost colonies in North America • Britain gained sole domination of India

18. # 17 • GOOD PERIOD, 1547 to 1560 – • Won great victories • Added lands to Russia • Gave Russia code of laws • Ruled justly • BAD PERIOD - RULE BY TERROR, began in 1560 – • After Anastasia died; he accused Boyars of poisoning her • Organized his own police force who hunted down & killed those Ivan thought were traitors; he then gave their land to other nobles • Thousands were killed

19. # 18 • GOAL #1 – to learn about European customs & manufacturing techniques. To Westernize Russia • To achieve goal he… • Introduced potatoes • Started 1st Russian newspaper • Women were allowed to attend social gatherings • Nobles had to give up their traditional clothing for Western European fashions • Education: • School of Navigation • Schools for art & science

20. # 18 • GOAL #2 – To have a seaport that would make it easier to travel west. • Fought Sweden 21 years to gain a piece of the Baltic coast • Built a new city on swampy land • Named it St. Petersburg after his patron saint • After completed, nobles were forced from their homes to make new ones in the new capital

21. # 19 • Charles tried to arrest Parliament leaders because he needed money wouldn’t give it to him & tried to limit his power • but they escaped • War between Charles I & his supporters (The Royalist/Cavaliers) vs. opponents of King Charles I (Puritan supporters of Parliament/Roundheads) • Charles I was put on trial for treason against Parliament • He was found guilty • Sentenced to death by public beheading • Never before had a reigning monarch faced a public trial and execution

22. # 20 • abolished monarch • House of Lords and established a commonwealth; republican form of gov’t • became a military dictator • uprising in Ireland, seized lands & homes and then gave them to English soldiers • Created laws that promoted Puritan morality & abolished “sinful” activities… • Theater, Sporting Events, & Dancing • Had religious toleration for all Christians with the exception of Catholics

23. # 21 • habeas corpus • “to have the body” • Gave every prisoner the right to obtain a writ or document ordering that they be brought before a judge to specify charges • Now a monarch couldn’t put people in jail just because

24. # 22 • Offended subjects b/c of his Catholic beliefs • Heirs – • Mary, that was protestant • Had a son who was Catholic • Parliament didn’t want a Catholic monarchy & convinced Mary and her husband William of Orange (prince of Netherlands) to overthrow her father, James II • James II fled to France • Glorious Revolution – bloodless overthrow