A bstract

1. Need Abstract http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11259&page=8 Previous studies have shown that morphine has the capabilities to both promote and inhibit tumor growth. The key factor that establishes the fine line between the two opposite occurrences is the concentration of the morphine being administered. The objective of this study was to determine the differences of the expression of certain genes at low concentrations of morphine in both healthy and cancerous cells. Data from a DNA microarray was analyzed on SpotFire Decision Site to identify the varying expressions of key genes that are involved in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). After healthy white blood cells and U937 cancer cells were exposed to physiological levels of morphine, two of these genes were discovered to be up-regulated in healthy cells and down-regulated in cancer cells, a significant distinction that could lead to implications of cancer detection and possibly alternate treatment. In addition to SpotFire data analysis, a follow-up experiment was conducted to examine the effects of morphine on healthy hemocytes treated with malathion. The results of the experiment showed a significant correlation between Malathion and the control groups when comparing form factor. Further experimentation showed that malathion mimics morphine's effect on hemocytes; this was proven by blocking its effect with Naloxone and L-name. Since opiate and nicotinic signaling systems are very similar in invertebrates and human cells, our results indicate that Malathion may affect tumor development via opiate and nicotinic signaling. The impact of Malathion on environment and human health should be further studied. Knowledge Base: http://www.jyi.org/research/re.php?id=88 http://knol.google.com/k/samiksha-chugh/algorithm-for-detecting-sickle-cell/jrj7q3z0tyuk/6# Literature Review ECHIBURU-CHAU et al. 2008 Zhu et al. 2009 Zhu et al. 2005 Purposes: • The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the effects of Malathion on the form factor of normal healthy cell and its correlation to morphine's effect on the nAChR Hypothesis: • H(a): The form factor of cells treated with Malathion will be significantly higher than that of the control group’s form factor. Morphine will alter the normal expression of genes related to the nAChR in cancer cells as compared to normal cells. • H(0): The form factor of cells treated with Malathion will have no statistical difference from control cell form factor. Morphine will have no effect on expression of genes related to the nAChR in cancer cells as compared to normal cells.

2. Microarray Analysis Analyze Microarray Data Methodology: Hemocyte Extraction Search for genes for interest Divide Hemocytes into Six-Well Plates Take down data from microarray and graph to compare gene expression percent down Malathion and Naloxone Malathion and L-name Control Morphine Malathion Morphine and Naloxone Morphine and L-name Statistical analysis (TTest) Take Pictures Calculate and Analyze Form Factor Statistical Analysis (TTest) Graph 1a: This graph shows the effect of morphine on gene expression in white blood cells. The graph shows by what percent genes are down regulated. Graph 1b: This graph shows the effect of morphine on gene expression in U937 Cells (Cancer Cells). The graph shows by what percent genes are down regulated. Graph 2a: This graph shows the effects of various opiates on malathion contamination as well as their effect on morphine immediately after exposure to each. Graph 2b: This graph shows the effects of various opiates on malathion contamination as well as their effect on morphine one hour after the various groups were exposed to each.

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