Heru Susetyo Staf Pengajar Viktimologi, HAM & Hukum Perlindungan Anak FH-UI

1. ADVOKASI TERHADAP KORBAN & PENGALAMAN DI BEBERAPA NEGARA TOT Victimology & Victim AssistanceLPSK, Bogor 27 Maret 2013 Heru Susetyo Staf Pengajar Viktimologi, HAM & Hukum Perlindungan Anak FH-UI Executive Committee World Society of Victimology Advokat HAM pada Pusat Advokasi Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia (PAHAM)

2. Three definitions of Victim • The crime victim • The universal concept of victims (Mendelsohn) • The victim of violations of human rights including crime (Kirchhoff & Morosawa, 2009)

3. Victims are Socially Constructed • Victims are socially constructed, it is not sufficient that persons claim the status of victims without sufficient social acknowledgement (social construction of reality). (Barkhuizen 2007, in Kirchhoff and Morosawa, 2009)

4. Ezzat Fattah on Victimology (1) (Ezzat Fattah, 2002) Victimology, the study of crime victims, their characteristics, their relationship to, and their interactions with, their victimizers, their role and their actual contribution to the genesis of crime, offers a great promise for transforming etiological criminology from a static, one-sided study of the traits and attributes of the offender into a dynamic, situational approach that views criminal behaviour not as a unilateral action but as the outcome of dynamic processes of interaction. • FACULTY OF LAW • UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

5. Ezzat Fattah on Victimology (2) The study of the victims is and will always remain an integral part of criminology. Any attempt to separate victimology from criminology, or to treat it as an independent or autonomous discipline is bound to fail. • FACULTY OF LAW • UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

6. VICTIMOLOGY AND VICTIMIZATION(Shichor and Tibbets, 2002) Victimology focused on individual victims of violent crimes committed by individual perpetrators. Gradually, victimological studies expanded to organizations and corporations as victim and victimizers. Victimology is in the process of delineating its focus of study, defining its key concepts, theoretical approaches, refining its data-collection methods, and generally trying to establish itself as a legitimate and independent discipline. • FACULTY OF LAW • UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

7. VICTIMOLOGY AND VICTIMIZATION (1) Victimology : the scientific study of the victim of human rights violation (including crime), of victimizations and of reactions to both of those. Victimology deals with victims, with victims of human rights violation (including crime) Victimology deals with empirically accessible social realities. (Kirchhoff, 2005). • FACULTY OF LAW • UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

8. VICTIMOLOGY & VICTIMIZATION (2) Victimology is interested in the process of becoming a victim (which social, group, institutional and individual conditions lead to these processes?) > victimization. Victimology looks at reactions, reactions to victims and reactions to victimization. (Kirchhoff, 2005). • FACULTY OF LAW • UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

9. Mendelsohn & General Victimology Beniamin Mendelsohn continued to develop his ideas about victims for crime until he arrived at the theory of general victimology. Its purpose was to help `victims of all kinds` -including victims of beyond human control (Hoffman, 1992 : 90). Mendelsohn developed the concept of victimity : “whole of the socio-bio-psychological characteristics, common to all victims in general, which society wishes to prevent and fight, no matter what their determinants are (criminal or others). • FACULTY OF LAW • UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

10. VICTIM SERVICES • Victim services are those activities which are applied in response to victimizations with the intention of relieving suffering and facilitating recovery. • This includes providing information, making assesments, conducting individual interventions, engaging in social advocacy, proposing public policy and working in program development. (Dussich, 2010)

11. VICTIM SERVICES

12. What is advocacy? • Advocacy is speaking, acting and writing with minimal conflict of interest on behalf of the sincerely perceived interests of a disadvantaged person or group to promote, protect and defend their welfare and justice. www.qppd.org FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

13. Advocacy is pursuit of influencing outcomes - including public policy and resource allocation decisions within political, economic, and social systems and institutions - that directly affect people's lives. • www.qppd.org FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

14. Advocacy has purposeful results: • to enable social justice advocates to gain access and voice in the decision making of relevant institutions; • to change the power relationships between these institutions and the people affected by their decisions, thereby changing the institutions themselves; and • to bring a clear improvement in people's lives www.qppd.org FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

15. Advocacy consists of organized efforts and actions based on the reality of "what is." These organized actions seek to highlight critical issues that have been ignored and submerged, to influence public attitudes, and to enact and implement laws and public policies so that visions of "what should be" in a just, decent society become a reality. • www.qppd.org FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

16. What is advocacy (3) Advocacy efforts may include : • Proposing public policy or questioning the prevailing public policies. • Lobbying for rights and services • Public demonstrations • Public and professional education through written information and programs. FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

17. TYPES OF ADVOCACY • Two main forms of advocacy : • Individual advocacy • System Advocacy FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

18. Individual Advocacy • Focuses on changing the situation of one person – to protect his or her rights or to improve individual services. • Two common forms : • Informal advocacy; is undertaken by individuals, their parents, brothers and sisters, relatives, friends. • Voluntary or not to profit community based organizations that pay staff to advocate for individuals . (www.mndaust.asn.au) FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

19. SYSTEM ADVOCACY • Works to change the situation of a whole group of people who share a similar problem, or to change a service system. System advocacy can benefit many people. It also strives to prevent problem. • System advocacy encourages changes to the law, government and service provider policies and community attitudes. FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

20. SYSTEM ADVOCACY (2) • Seeks to influence change in the broader political and social arenas because without change at this level, positive change for individuals is more difficult to achieve. • Speak out for new legislation, policies and practices. • Highlighting where policy is in place but not being implemented. • Involving in coalitions www.family-advocacy.com FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

21. Terminologi yang lain… • System advocacy • Structural advocacy • Structural legal aid (Indonesian) • Social advocacy? FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

22. TENTANG ADVOKASI SOSIAL :PROSES2 PEMBENTUKAN KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK PROSES2 LEGISLASI & JURISDIKSI PROSES2 POLITIK & BIROKRASI PROSES2 SOSIALISASI & MOBILISASI

23. PROSES2 LEGISLASI DAN JURISDIKSI • PENGAJUAN USUL, KONSEP TANDING, DAN PEMBELAAN • Sarana : legal drafting, counter draft judicial review class action, legal standing litigasi/ jurisprudensi

24. PROSES2 POLITIK DAN BIROKRASI MEMPENGARUHI PEMBUAT DAN PELAKSANA PERATURAN SARANA : LOBBY NEGOSIASI MEDIASI KOLABORASI

25. PEMBAGIAN KERJA ADVOKASI • KERJA PENDUKUNG KERJA GARIS DEPAN • KERJA BASIS

26. KERJA PENDUKUNG (Supporting units) MENYEDIAKAN DANA LOGISTIK INFORMAS DATA AKSES

27. KERJA BASIS (ground works) • ADALAH DAPUR GERAKAN ADVOKASI • MEMBANGUN BASIS MASSA • PENDIDIKAN POLITIK KADER • MEMBENTUK LINGKAR INTI • MOBILISASI AKSI

28. KERJA GARIS DEPAN (front liners) MELAKSANAKAN FUNGSI JURU BICARA PERUNDING PELOBBY TERLIBAT DALAM PROSES LEGISLASI DAN JURISDIKSI MENGGALANG SEKUTU

29. ARUS ADVOKASI TERPADU BENTUK LINGKAR INTI KUMPULKAN DATA/ INFO ANALISIS DATA/ INFO DISKUSI, SEMINAR, DLL PILIH ISSU STRATEGIS KEMAS ISSUE SEMENARIK MUNGKIN GALANG SEKUTU SEBANYAK MUNGKIN PENGORGANISASIAN MASYARAKAT PENDIDIKAN POLITIK

30. SIAPKAN SATUAN / BARISAN PENDUKUNG BANGUN BASIS GERAKAN PELATIHAN TEKNIS AJUKAN KONSEP TANDING LAKUKAN PEMBELAAN PENGARUHI PEMBUAT DAN PELAKSANA KEBIJAKAN

31. PENGARUHI PENDAPAT UMUM • LANCARKAN TEKANAN PERUBAHAN KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK

32. JARINGAN KERJA ADVOKASI • (Roem Toppatimasing, dkk) • KERJA PENDUKUNG • (Supporting units) • Dana, logistik, informasi, • data, akses • KERJA GARIS DEPAN • (Front lines) • Melaksanakan fungsi juru bicara, • Lobby, negosiasi, terlibat dalam • Proses legislasi dan litigasi, • Menggalang sekutu • KERJA BASIS • (Ground works) • “ dapur” gerakan advokasi : • Membangun basis masa, • Pend. Politik kader, mbtk lingkar inti • Mobilisasi aksi, kampanye

33. BAGAN ARUS SISTEM KERJA ADVOKASI(Roem Toppatimasang, dkk) Monitoring dan Evaluasi Umpan balik Analisis Data Menyiakan Alternatif pemecahan • Seminar, diskusi, dll • Legal • drafting • Judicial • review • Studi • penelitian Pengaruhi Pendapat umum Kumpulkan Informasi Kampanye, Jumpa pers Perubahan Kebijakan Contrent Bangun Aliansi Tetapkan Issue Dan tujuan Strategis Pengaruhi Pembuat Keputusan Bentuk Tim Inti Bungkus/ Kemas Issue • negosiasi Structure Lobby Culture • litigasi Identifikasi Korban Adakan pembelaan • Aksi massa, • Demonstrasi, • boykot Siapkan Basis Gerakan Lancarkan Tekanan Pengorganisasian Masyarakat Pemberdayaan Pendidikan Politik Siapkan Sistem Pendukung Dana, logistik, Sistem informasi

34. PROSES PROSES • LEGISLASI & JURISDIKSI • (pengajuan usul, konsep tanding, • Dan pembelaan) • - legal drafting • Counter draft • Judicial review • litigasi • ISI/NASKAH • HUKUM PEMBENTUKAN/ PERUBAHAN KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK TATA LAKSANA HUKUM • Lobby • negosiasi • mediasi • kolaborasi • PROSES-PROSES • POLITIK BIROKRASI • (Mempengaruhi pembuat • & pelaksana putusan BUDAYA HUKUK • PROSES-PROSES • SOSIALISASI & • MOBILISASI • (Membentuk pendapat • umum • Dan tekanan politik) • kampanye, siaran pers • unjuk rasa, mogok, boykot • pengorganisasian basis • pendidikan politik

35. INDONESIAN LAW ON SOCIAL WELFARE NO. 11/ 2009

36. SOCIAL PROTECTION IN LAW NO. 11/ 2009

37. Pasal 16 (1)Advokasi sosial dimaksudkan untuk melindungi dan membela seseorang, keluarga, kelompok, dan/ atau masyarakat yang dilanggar haknya. (2) Advokasi sosial sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) diberikan dalam bentuk penyadaran hak dan kewajiban, pembelaan, dan pemenuhan hak.

38. SOCIAL ADVOCACY (art. 16 Indonesian Law No. 11/ 2009)

39. Lesson Learned : Disaster Victimization (KorbanBencanaAlam) & System Advocacy > Indonesia, Thailand, Japan

40. System Advocacy for Indonesian Disaster Victims • Triggered by Aceh/ Indian ocean earthquake –tsunami 2004 • NGOs/ NPOs played active and significant role in conducting system advocacy for disaster victims. FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

41. The Role of NGO > MPBI • MasyarakatPenanggulanganBencana Indonesia/ Indonesian Society for Disaster Countermeasures have conducted such measures as follows : • Initiating the draft of Indonesian Disaster Management Act, including Presidential Decree and bylaws both in national and local level. • Creating a framework of Community-based disaster risk reduction management FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

42. 3. Campaigning, promoting and disseminating humanitarian standard (SPHERE Project) for volunteers. • Conducting research, discussion, and seminar on disaster countermeasures issues. FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

43. Proposing Indonesian Disaster Management Act • Indonesia does not have Disaster Management Act until the enactment of Law No. 24 year 2007 on Disaster Management/ Countermeasures • Previously, the laws concerning disaster management are only presidential decree No. 3 year 2001 on Coordinating Board of Disaster Management.

44. Major Issues on Disaster Management LACK OF MANAGEMENT CAPACITY ON DISASTER RESPONSE Delay in the management of emergency response Lack of coordination in planning and programming for post-disaster recovery Institutional framework is more focus on emergency response, rather than post-disaster recovery Funding more emphasizes on emergency response LACK OF UNDERSTANDING IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION Lack of understanding in the preparation of disaster preparedness and risk reduction Lack of institutional performance in the management of risk reduction Lack of planning and programming for risk reduction Lack of incorporating risk disaster mitigation into spatial plans (Hadi, 2007) • 44

45. New Paradigm on Disaster Management(Hadi, 2007) Recognizing the right for dignified life and livelihood and that the government responsible to ensure the protection from disaster, which is essence is avoidable, with no risks creation in recovery process Reducing disaster risk factors from unsustainable development practices that are worsened by the impact of climate changes Being accountable to the risk community and/or disaster-affected community and sensitivity to gender, participatory, equity and justice perspectives Reactive Proactive Emergency Response Risk Reduction Centralize Local Autonomy Government Participatory • MAJOR ISSUES • GUIDELINES, COORDINATION, LOCAL • CAPACITY, FUNDING FRAMEWORK, • LONGER-TERM RECOVERY • MAJOR ISSUES • COMMON PERCEPTION, INSTITUTIONAL • CAPACITY, FUNDING SOURCE, • COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS • 45

46. Changes Previous Future • Paradigm • Approach • Institution • Governance • Paradigm • Approach • Institution • Governance DM Law No. 24/2007 • Triggered by Aceh Tsunami

47. CONTOH-CONTOH ADVOKASI

48. Victim Services (1) : Legal Representation by Thai Action Committee for Democracy in Burma in the aftermath of Phuket Phang Nga- Thailand Tsunami December 2004 http://www.tacdb-burmese.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=28&Itemid=70 FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

49. Victim Services (2) : Advocating Burmese Unregistered Migrant Workers who were victimized by tsunami FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

50. Disaster Victims : Sea Gypsy (Moken) FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA