KEJAHATAN HAM BERAT & UU PENGADILAN HAM 2000 By : Heru Susetyo Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia

1. KEJAHATAN HAM BERAT & UU PENGADILAN HAM 2000 By : Heru Susetyo Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia Mei 2014

2. KASUS LP CEBONGAN : PELANGGARAN HAM ATAU BUKAN? • Kementerian Pertahanan : “Kasus Cebongan bukan Pelanggaran HAM, bukan subyek dari Peradilan Militer...” • Romli Atmasasmita (Seputar Indonesia, 20 April 2013) : ...analisis saya atas peristiwa Cebongan adalah bukan peristiwa pelanggaran HAM melainkan tindak pidana biasa sehingga tidak memerlukan Pengadilan HAM...” BENARKAH DEMIKIAN?

3. Apa itu Pelanggaran HAM? • Pelanggaran hak asasi manusia adalah setiap perbuatanseseorang atau kelompok orang termasuk aparat negara baik disengaja maupun tidak sengaja, atau kelalaian yang secara melawan hukum mengurangi, menghalangi, membatasi, dan atau mencabut hak asasi manusia seseorang atau kelompok orang yang dijamin oleh Undang-undang ini, dan tidak mendapatkan, atau dikhawatirkan tidak akan memperoleh penyelesaian hukum yang adil dan benar, berdasarkan mekanisme hukum yang berlaku (Pasal 1 UU No. 39 tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia).

4. Apa itu pelanggaran HAM berat?

5. Undang-UndangNomor 26 Tahun 2000 tentangPengadilanHakAsasiManusia • Berdasarkan Pasal 7 bahwa yang di maksud dengan Pelanggaran hak asasi manusia yang berat meliputi: • A. kejahatan genosida; • B. kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan;

6. STATUTA ROMA 1998 (establishment of ICC) • Article 5 (1), crimes within the jurisdiction of Court: • “The jurisdiction of the Court shall be limited to the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole. The Court has jurisdiction in accordance with this Statute with respect to the following crimes”: • a. The crime of genocide; • b. Crimes against humanity; • c. War crimes; • d. The crime of aggresion

7. Kejahatan Internasional di Masa Awal • Crimes Against Peace • War Crimes • Crimes Against Humanity Perkembangan kemudian : • Agresi • Penyiksaan (torture) • Terorisme (Nasution, 2012)

8. KejahatanterhadapKemanusiaan(Crimes Against Humanity) (Cherif Bassiouni) Adalah kejahatan yang dilakukan dalam suatu skala yang besar-besaran terhadap sekelompok orang-orang yang dapat diidentifikasi. (Nasution, 2012)

9. Kejahatan terhadap Kemanusiaan dalam Piagam International Military Tribunal Nurnberg (IMT 1945)Art. 6 huruf (c) • Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other humane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war; or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds in execution of or in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the tribunal; whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the country…

10. Kejahatan terhadap Kemanusiaan dalam Statuta ICTY pasal 5 huruf c • The international Tribunal shall have the power to prosecute persons responsible for the following crimes when committed in armed conflict, whether international or or internal in character; and directed against any civilian population; : a. Murder b. Extermination C. Enslavement d. Deportation e. Imprinsonment f. Torture g. Rape h. persecutions on political , racial and religious grounds i. Other inhumane acts.

11. Perkembangan Pengadilan Pidana Internasional Pengadilan Pidana Internasional sebelum berdirinya International Criminal Court – Statuta Roma 1998 • International Military Tribunal (IMT) Nurenberg • International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) Tokyo • International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)

12. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) 5. Mixed/ Hybrid International Court : • Special Court for Sierra Leone • Extraordinary Chambers in the Court of Cambodia • Special Panels at Dili District Court International Criminal Court (ICC); didirikan tahun 1998 dengan Statuta Roma dan mulai operasional pada tahun 2002 setelah diratifikasi 60 negara.

13. War Crime (Black’s Law Dictionary) War crime : conduct that violates international law governing war. Examples of war crime are the killing of hostages, abuse of civilians in occupied territories, abuses of prisoners of war, and devastation that is not justified by military necessity

14. Kategori Kejahatan yang Tergolong sebagai ‘Grave Breaches’ dalam Geneva Convention 1949 • Wilful killing; • Torture or any inhuman treatment,including biological experiments; • Wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health; • Extensive destruction and appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly; • Compelling a protected persons to serve in the forces of a hostile power; • Wilfully depriving a protected person of the rights of fair and regular trial prescribed in the Conventions; • Unlawful deportation or transfer of civilians; • Unlawful confinement of civilians • The taking of hostages

15. Jenis kejahatan berat sesuai dengan protokol tambahan ke I (additional protocol I to Geneva Conventions) • Making the civilian population the object of attack; • Launching an indiscriminate attack or an attack against works or installations containing dangerous forces in the knowledge that such attack will cause excessive damage to civilian objects in relation to the anticipated military advantage; • Making demilitarized zone or non-defended localities the object of attack; • Attacking a person who is hors de combat; • The perfidious use of a protective emblem.

16. kejahatan-kejahatan berikut juga dapat dikategorikan sebagai grave breaches Ketika suatu kejahatan memenuhi unsur dengan sengaja (wilfully) & memenuhi unsur pelanggaran terhadap Konvensi Geneva dan Protokol Tambahan-nya : • The transfer by the occupying power of its own population to the territory it occupies, or the deportation or transfer of the population of the occupied territory within or outside this territory; • Unjustifiable delay in the repatriation of prisoners of war; • Practices of apartheid and other degrading practices based on racial discrimination; • Attacking clearly recognized historic monuments, work of art or places of worship which constitute the cultural or spiritual heritage of people and to which special protection should be given.

17. Tiga Mekanisme Mengadili Pelanggaran HAM Berat • forum mekanisme pengadilan internasional baik yang bersifat ad hoc maupun yang permanen. • forum pengadilan nasional seperti di Indonesia (Pengadilan HAM) • sistem hybrid court atau internationalized of domestic tribunals

18. DASAR HUKUM PENDIRIAN • IMT Nuremberg London Agreement • IMTFE Tokyo Executive Order • ICTY UNSC Resolution • ICTR UNSC Resolution • Sierra Leone UN and Local Govt Agreement • East Timor UNTAET Regulation

19. YURISDIKSI NUREMBERG • Crime Against Peace • War Crime • Crimes Against Humanity • Genocide?

20. PUTUSAN DARI IMT Nuremberg • Peradilan berlangsung dari 14 Nopember 1945 sampai dengan 1 Oktober 1946 • pelaku2 lainnya telah diadili di kota-kota lainnya di Eropa dengan dakwaan yang bervariasi oleh Pengadilan Militer lainnya. Mahkamah Nuremberg hanya mengadili pelaku utama (major criminals) kejahatan perang dan kemanusiaan, • 5000 anggota NAZI termasuk para prajurit dan penjaga kamp-kamp konsentrasi telah diadili oleh Pengadilan Militer dengan dakwaan melakukan kejahatan perang. • semua organisasi di bawah NAZI dinyatakan sebagai organisasi terlarang. Berdasarkan Military Ordinance No. 69 tanggal 31 December 1946 pimpinan organisasi-organisasi tersebut bertanggungjawab atas tindak pidana crimes against peace, war crimes, dan crimes against humanity

21. Herman W. Goering dipidana mati dan digantung Rudolf Hess dipidana penjara seumur hidup Joachim V. Ribbenstrop dipidana mati dengan digantung Wilhelm Keitel dipidana mati dengan digantung Ernst Kaltenbrunner dipidana mati dengan digantung Alfred Rosenberg dipidana mati dengan digantung Hans Frank dipidana mati dengan digantung Wilhem Frick dipidana mati dengan digantung Julius Streicher dipidana mati dengan digantung Walther Funk dipidana penjara seumur hidup Karl Doenitz dipidana penjara 10 tahun Erich Raeder dipidana penjara seumur hidup Baldur von Van Schirach dipidana penjara 20 tahun Fritz Sauckel dipidana mati dengan digantung Alfred Jodle dipidana mati dengan digantung Arthur Seyss dipidana mati dengan digantung Albert Speer dipidana mati 20 tahun Konstantin Von Neurath dipidana penjara 15 tahun Martin Bormann dipidana mati dengan digantung Schacht, von Papen, dan Fritzsche dibebaskan dari dakwaan. Rudolf Hesshukuman seumur hidup diubah menjadi hukuman mati.

22. IMTFE Tokyo • Dibentuk berdasarkan executive order dari Gen. MacArthur • Charter-nya hampir sama dgn IMT • Yurisdiksi sama dengan IMT Nuremberg • Dikritisi sebagai pengadilan politis • Gen. MacArthur sangat menentukan ‘siapa’ yang harus diadili dan ‘dimana’

23. IMTFE Tokyo • Tidak mengadili Kaisar Hirohito selaku kepala negara • Mengadili ‘major war criminals’ seperti : Araki (minister of war), Hirota (Former Prime Minister), Oshima (Ambassador to Germany) • ‘War criminals’ lainnya diadili oleh military commissions oleh US-UK-France-Australia-USSR

24. KLASIFIKASI PERADILAN DI IMTFE • Selain IMTFE, Military Commission telah mengadili sekitar 5000 bekas militer Jepang dengan dakwaan melakukan conventional war crimes. Para terdakwa dibagi atas 3 kelompok, yaitu : • Kelas A : didakwa melakukan ‘crimes against peace’ , termasuk disini ialah para pemimpin dan tokoh utama, yaitu mereka yang merencanakan dan memimpin perang. Mereka diadili oleh IMT di Tokyo. • Kelas B dan C didakwa atas kejahatan perang biasa (conventional war crimes); peradilan dilaksanakan oleh military court lainnya, seperti US Navy Military Court yang dikenal dengan military commission, yang melaksanakan persidangan a.l. di pulau Kwajalein dan Guam. Mempunyai jurisdiksi atas kepulauan Mariana, Marshall, dan Gilbert, Palau, Bonin, dan Caroline. Pengadilan AL mempunyai kewenangan untuk mengadili bekas anggota AL maupun anggota AD Jepang.

25. IMTFE Tokyo- Gen. Yamashita • Gen. Yamashita diadili di Philipina oleh US Military Commission dan dijatuhi hukuman mati • Yamashita adalah Komandan perang Jepang terakhir di Philippine • Kasus Yamashita menjadi yurisprudensi (In Re Yamashita 1946 327 US 1) untuk menjustifikasi US Military Commission utk mengadili a.l. Taliban dan ‘Al Qaeda’

26. PUTUSAN IMTFE Tokyo • Persidangan Mei 1946 – Nov. 1948 • 7 dipidana mati • 16 dipidana penjara seumur hidup • 2 dipidana penjara yang lebih ringan • 2 meninggal dunia dan 1 dinyatakan gila

27. ICTY (Int’l Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia) • Dibentuk tahun 1993 dengan UNSC resolution No. 827 (1993) atas mandat Chapter VII UN Charter • Situasi di Mantan Yugoslavia dianggap sebagai ‘threat to international peace and security’ • Suatu mahkamah ad hoc untuk mengadili pelanggaran serius terhadap hukum humaniter perlu dibentuk • Memiliki Statuta ICTY • Memiliki 16 hakim permanen • Berkedudukan di The Hague • Memiliki appeal chambers

28. YURISDIKSI ICTY • Crimes against humanity • War crimes • Genocide • Yang dilakukan di negara2 mantan Yugoslavia sejak tahun 1991

29. PUTUSAN ICTY Situasi pada June 2004 : • 102 orang disidangkan • 35 kasus dituntaskan • 2 orang dibebaskan • 61 masih dalam penahanan • 20 sdh dikeluarkan arrest warrant

30. PUTUSAN DUSKO TADIC- jurisdiction • The indictment by the prosecutor against Tadic and a co-accused charged them with 132 counts involving grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, violations of the laws or customs of war, and crimes against humanity. The defence filed a motion challenging the jurisdiction of ICTY. It disputed the legality of the establishment of the ICT by the Security Council and challenged the tribunal’s subject matter jurisdiction. The Trial Chamber dismissed the motion. An interlocutory appeal was brought. Found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, • Tadic was eventually sentenced to 20 years

31. PUTUSAN ERDEMOVIC- Duress • ...After the above survey of authorities in the different systems of law and exploration of the various policy considerations which we must bear in mind, we take the view that duress cannot afford a complete defence to a soldier charged with crimes against humanity or war crimes in international law involving the taking of innocent lives. We do so having regard to our mandated obligation under the Statute to ensure that international humanitarian law, which is concerned with the protection of humankind, is not in any way undermined. In the result, we do not consider the plea of the Appellant was equivocal as duress does not afford a complete defence in international law to a charge of a crime against humanity or a war crime which involves the killing of innocent human beings…

32. Putusan Krstic – Genocide & Command Responsibility • General Krstic participated in a joint criminal enterprise to kill the military-aged Bosnian Muslim men of Srebrenica with the awareness that such killings would lead to the annihilation of the entire Bosnian Muslim community at Srebrenica. His intent to kill the men thus amounts to a genocidal intent to destroy the group in part. General Krstic did not conceive the plan to kill the men, nor did he kill them personally. However, he fulfilled a key co-ordinating role in the implementation of the killing campaign. In particular, at a stage when his participation was clearly indispensable, General Krstic exerted his authority as Drina Corps Commander and arranged for men under his command to commit killings. He thus was an essential participant in the genocidal killings in the aftermath of the fall of Srebrenica. In sum, in view of both his mens rea and actus reus, General Krstic must be considered a principal perpetrator of these crimes.

33. ICTR (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda) • Dibentuk pad 1994 atas mandat UNSC Resolution No. 955 1994 • International tribunal yang berwenang utk menuntut kejahatan genocide, crimes against humanity, dan war crimes pada ‘non international conflict’ • Statuta hampir sama dgn ICTY, mempunyai supremasi terhadap National courts • Memiliki JPU dan Appeal Chamber yg sama dengan ICTY • Berkedudukan di Arusha, Tanzania

34. YURISDIKSI ICTR • Hampir sama dengan ICTY • Untuk kejahatan yang berlangsung sejak 1 Jan – 31 Des 1994 di Rwanda dan negara tetangga yg dilakukan oleh Warganegara Rwanda • Mendefinisikan Crimes Against Humanity agak berbeda : • Art.3. “The International tribunal for Rwanda shall have the power to prosecute persons responsible for the following crimes when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack against any civilian population on national, politic, ethnic, racial, or religious ground.”

35. PUTUSAN ICTR • 1 dakwaan thd 8 org pada 28 Nov. 95 • Lebih dari 70 org telah didakwa • 18 dihukum, termasuk PM Jean Kambanda • 3 dibebaskan • 14 menteri yg menjabat pd 1994 dalam penahanan • 12 proses banding (appeal) • 8 masih dlm persidangan dgn 20 terdakwa • 6 menjalani hukuman penjara di Mali dan negara Lain

36. PUTUSAN ICTR • 17 June 2004 Sylvestre Gacumbitsi, mantan Walikota Rwanda divonis 30 tahun penjara atas kejahatan genocide, extermination, dan rape, juga pembantaian terhadap 500.000 etnis minoritas Tutsi

37. PUTUSAN ICTR -Akayesu • Dakwaan terhadap Akayesu, seorang warga Hutu adalah atas kejahatan genocide, crimes against humanity dan pelanggaran terhadap common article 3 dari Geneva Conventions yang dapat dipidana berdasarkan pasal 2 – 4 dari Statuta ICTR. • Semua perbuatan tersebut diduga dilakukan pada tahun 1994. • Negara Rwanda dibagi menjadi 11 prefektur yang dibagi lagi menjadi beberapa komunitas yang dipimpin oleh seorang bourgmestres. Akayesu adalah seorang Bourgmestres pada komunitas Taba sejak April 1993 hingga Juni 1994. Dia dituduh telah menyalahgunakan jabatannya untuk mengambil keputusan publik terkait pembantaian etnis Tutsi, termasuk menyalahgunakan angkatan kepolisian.

38. DAKWAAN TERHADAP AKAYESU • 15 dakwaan; beberapa contoh : (1) At least 2000 Tutsis were killed in Taba from April to June 1994. Killings were so open and widespread that the defendant ‘must have have known about them’, but despite his authority and responsibility, he never attempted to prevent the kiliings. (2) Hundreds of displaced Tutsi civilians sought refuge at the bureau communal. Females among them were regulary taken by the armed local militia and subjected to sexual violence, including multiple rapes. Civilians were frequently murdered on or near the communal premises. Akeyesu knew of these events and at times was present during their commisions. That presence and his failure to attempt to prevent ‘encouraged these activities.’

39. (3) at meetings, Akayesu urged those present to kill accomplices of Tutsis, and on one occasion named three Tutsis who had to be killed. Two killing soon followed (4) Akayesu ordered and participated in the killing of three brothers, and took eight detained men from the bureau communal and ordered militia members to killl them (5) He ordered local people to kill intellectual and influential people. On his instructions, five secondary school teachers were killed.

40. Setelah persidangan selama 43 hari yang menghadirkan 28 saksi dari pihak jaksa dan 13 dari pihak pembela, pengadilan memutuskan Akayesu bersalah telah melakukan : several counts of genocide, of direct and public incitement to commit genocide, and of several crimes against humanity (extermination, murder, torture, rape, and other inhumane acts).

42. PengadilanPelanggaran HAM Berat > Nurnberg Tribunal & Tokyo Tribunal WW II

43. Holocaust & Japan atrocities WW II

44. ICTY dan ICTR – Tribunal > Former Yugoslavia (1992 – 1996) & Rwanda 1994

46. Hybrid Tribunal : Cambodia & Sierra Leone

47. Contoh Kasus ‘Kejahatan HAM Berat’ • Tanjung Priok 12 September 1984 • Talangsari Lampung, Februari 1989 • DOM di Aceh 1989 – 1998 • Kekerasan di East Timor 1976 – 2000 • Tragedi Haur Koneng, Majalengka 1993 • Tragedi Waduk Nipah Sampang, 1994 • Peristiwa 27 Juli 1996 • Kekerasan pada Peristiwa Mei 1998 • Tragedi Semanggi I dan II 1999

48. Kasus Abepura 2000 • Konflik SARA di Sanggau Ledo 1996 – 1997 • Konflk SARA di Sambas 1999 • Konflik SARA di Poso 1998 – • Konflik SARA di Maluku dan Maluku Utara 1999- • Kasus Ninja dan dukun santet di Jawa Timur 1999 • Dan lain-lain

49. Kasus-kasus yang dituntutmasyarakatuntukdibawakePengadilan HAM 1. Kasus Trisakti 12 Mei 2008 2. Kasus Semanggi I 13 November 1998 3. Kasus Semanggi II 22 – 24 September 1999 4. Kasus Tanjung Priok 12 – 13 September 1984 5. Kasus DOM di Aceh 1989 – 1999 6. Kasus pelanggaran HAM berat di Timor Leste dalam wilayah hukum Liquica, Dili dan Suai 7. Kasus 1965

50. Beberapa Istilah dalam Pengadilan untuk Kejahatan HAM/ Kejahatan terhadap Kemanusiaan • Gross violation of human rights • Grave breaches of human rights • Extraordinary crimes • International crimes • Transnational crimes