being in the bulls eye Responsive Universities Universities in the future,

1. being in the bulls eye Responsive Universities Universities in the future, coherence of the TRIPLE HELIX THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

2. Globalization ”The bulls eye” Knowledge societies – increased demand Fiscal austerity – budget constraints THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

3. Composition of the global market for goods THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

4. Global hubs of technological innovation Source: Hillner (2000) and UNDP (2001) THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

5. Some European countries, ad especially the Caribbean and Africa, face significant emigration rates of their elites (sometimes exceeding 50%) Source: OECD, Trends in International Migrations 2004 THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

6. Cross-border higher education and international mobility: trends and issues THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

7. International mobility of students • OECD countries receive about 85-90% of all foreign students in the world, i.e. 1.8 million students in 2002 • The majority (57%) of foreign students within the OECD area come from non-OECD countries • 5 countries received 77% of all foreign students in the OECD area in 2002: United States (33%), United Kingdom (13%), Germany (12%), Australia (10%), France (9%) THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

8. The international market for higher education Source: OECD Education at a glance 2005 THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

9. The international market for higher education Source: OECD Education at a glance 2005 THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

10. Trends in international mobility of students and cross-border education THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

11. Growth of Foreign Students: 1990 to 2002 (1990=100) Source: OECD THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

12. International mobility of academics • United States • 84 281 international scholars in 2003: an increase by 40% since 1994 • Foreign scholars were estimated to represent 30 to 40% of total university researchers • Europe • No systematic evidence, but the academic mobility through the EU Socrates programme has increased by 71% between 1997 and 2000 (to 12 000 scholars) Source: OECD & Institute of International Education (IIE) THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

13. International mobility of programmes and institutions • Programme and institution mobility is still limited in scale but grows rapidly, especially in the Asia-Pacific region • 37% of all international students enrolled in Australian institutions studied from their country in 2001 (against 26% in 1996) • Singapore: more undergraduate students accessed a foreign programme from Singapore than studied abroad in 2000 • China: 9-fold increase in foreign programmes between 1995 and 2003 THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

14. Foreign Students in Australia by mode of study (1996-2001) THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

15. Origin of foreign students in America & Europe (2001) Source: OECD THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

16. Rationales and policies to internationalisation: the capacity building agenda THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

17. Rationales and drivers of cross-border higher education • Disappearance of distance (new technologies, decrease in costs of travel and communication) • Globalisation and labour market opportunities • Unmet demand in some emerging countries and need to increase their stock of human capital • Need to attract highly skilled people in the context of ageing societies and increasingly knowledge-based economies THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

18. EXPORT stragegies IMPORT strategies Revenue generation Intensity of economic rationales Capacity building Skilled migration Mutual understanding THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

19. Cross-border education and brain drain/gain THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

20. Cross-border education and brain drain/gain • Increasing competition for highly skilled people • 75% of Chinese students who studied abroad between 1978 and 1999 failed to return • USA: 25% of temporary visa holders were formerly enrolled in US universities (27% of all medical doctors educated abroad) THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

21. Stay rates of 1996 PhD holders in the USA in 2001 Source: Oak Ridge Associated Universities THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

22. Percentage of highly educated expatriates in OECD countries by region of origin North America: 4,9% / South and Central America: 9,7% / Caribbean: 5,7% Source: OECD Migration database THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

23. Costs and benefits of skilled migration for the sending countries • Costs: • Loss on investment (if they have financed the schooling) • Loss of qualified human capital (and thus productivity) • Benefits: • Investment from their diaspora • Remittances from their diaspora • Business links enabling the sending country to participate in international networks • Permanent and temporary migration are two different cases THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

24. The challenge Universities in the triple helix A -- teaching B -- research C -- knowledge transfer THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

25. Public funding of higher education (A) Indexed development in selected taximeters for HE in Denmark 104 Law, economics ect. Danish, history ect. 102 Medicine 100 Comp sci, physics Chem, biology ect. 98 Odontology Language, culture ect. 96 Engineering Pharmacology 94 Veterinarian 92 Math, statistics 90 1997 1998 1999* 2000 2001* 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Source: FL95-03. *1999 and 2001 are calculated. 2004-2006 VTU information and includes graduation bonus. Deflated using net-price index THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

26. Public funding of research (B) Science Tech Health Agri and Vet Social Hum 3500 3000 2500 2000 mio. kr. 1500 1000 500 0 1993 1994* 1995 1996* 1997 1998* 1999 2000 2001 2002 Source: CFA 2002 THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

27. Financing knowledge transfer (C)public and private funds for • Stimulating demand (targetted incentives, insertion, matching ….) • Meeting demand for pay (contract research, consultancies, grants to special projects ….) • Organizing supply (TTO, external service units ….) • Exploitation of intellectual property (University Press, legalizing IP ….) • Public – private structural partnerships (foundations, science parks, incubators, project hotels, innovation camps etc.) THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

28. Globalization, ”Barcelona 2010”, and the universities - where do we stand THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

29. Research funding by sector - 2003 THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

30. Financing research in Denmark THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

31. The largest research enterprises in 2003 THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

32. Getting to Barcelona 2010in BillionDKK THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

33. THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

34. …..and how to get there THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

35. New framework for universities in Denmark • ? New University Act (2007) and inclusion of national laboratories? • Self-governing institutions with external Boards • ? Further increase in autonomy and accountability? • Development contracts with the Government New management structure with the Rector being CEO-like • ?Internal Danish ”Bologna Process” and accreditation? THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

36. New funding compact for universities • Public funding for teaching follows productivity (quality and quantity- new taximeter) - A • Public funding for research, 55% direct, 45% in competition including overhead (60%) - B • Funding of demand and supply in knowledge transfer system (proof of concept, innovation, ventures…) – C Each funding element needs to aim at full cost financing and at large, multi-year grants or contracts THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

37. New quality assurance system to support responsiveness, flexibility and mobility Quality assurance and accreditation, recognition of foreign degrees, and recognition of professional qualifications become increasingly interlinked • Consolidation of Bologna – bachelor, master, PhD • Recognition of foreign degrees • facilitates the reception of foreign students with former education • facilitates the return of domestic students with foreign degrees THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS

38. Universities in the bulls eye thanks for the invitationrektor@au.dk THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS