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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. Norton Media Library. America: A Narrative History 7 th edition. by George Brown Tindall and David Emory Shi. Reasons for European Migrations to the Americas in the 17 c. English Migration: 1610-1660. I. English background to colonization.

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Norton Media Library America: A Narrative History 7th edition by George Brown Tindall and David Emory Shi

  2. Reasons for European Migrations to the Americas in the 17c

  3. English Migration: 1610-1660

  4. I. English background to colonization A. Unique features of English development 1. Mixtures of languages and religions 2. Safety of isolation 3. Fading of feudalism 4. Class structure B. Government 1. Local self-rule 2. Power of Parliament 3. Common Law C. The economy 1. Joint-stock companies 2. Population explosion 3. Migrations

  5. I. English background to colonization (cont’d) D. The monarchy under the Stuarts 1. James I and “divine right” 2. Charles I and Parliament 3. Civil War 4. Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1649–1660 5. Restoration of Charles II, 1660 6. Glorious Revolution of 1689 7. 1701 Act of Settlement

  6. II. The early English colonies on the Chesapeake A. Patterns of English colonization 1. Expectation of stockholders 2. Example of Ireland 3. Migrants not settlers

  7. II. The early English colonies on the Chesapeake (cont’d) B. Settlement of Virginia 1. Settlement at Jamestown, 1607 2. Roles of John Smith and Pocahontas 3. Powhatan Confederacy 4. Early difficulties 5. Importance of tobacco 6.Labor 7. General Assembly of Virginia House of Burgesses 8. Conflicts with Indians 9. Becomes a royal colony in 1624 10. Growth and stability under William Berkeley

  8. Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

  9. Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job?? There was no talk…but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold…

  10. Pocahontas Pocahontas “saves” Captain John Smith A 1616 engraving

  11. John Rolfe What finally made the colony prosperous??

  12. Tobacco Plant Virginia’s gold and silver. -- John Rolfe, 1612

  13. Tobacco Prices: 1618-1710 Why did tobacco prices decline so precipitously?

  14. Virginia: “Child of Tobacco” • Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy: • Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing. • Ruinous to soil when continuously planted. • Chained VA’s economy to a single crop. • Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system. • Need for cheap, abundant labor.

  15. Indentured Servitude • Headright System: • Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid. • Indenture Contract: • 5-7 years. • Promised “freedom dues” [land, £] • Forbidden to marry. • 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!

  16. Richard Frethorne’s1623 Letter • In-Class Activity: • Describe the life of the indentured servant as presented in this letter. • What are some of the problems he and the other servants experienced? • What are their biggest fears? • What does a historian learn about life in the 17c Chesapeake colony?

  17. Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake settlement?

  18. VirginiaHouse of Burgesses

  19. Growing Political Power • The House of Burgesses established in 1619 & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in England • Control over finances, militia, etc. • By the end of the 17c, H of B was able to initiate legislation.

  20. Virginia Becomes a Royal Colony • James I grew hostile to Virginia • He hated tobacco. • He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a seminary of sedition. • 1624  he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company. • Thus, VA became a royal colony

  21. English Tobacco Label • First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619. • Their status was not clear  perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants. • Slavery not that important until the end of the 17c.

  22. The Atlantic Slave Trade

  23. Colonial Slavery • As the number of slaves increased, white colonists reacted to put down perceived racial threat. • Slavery transformed from economic to economic and racial institution. • Early 1600s  differences between slave and servant were unclear. • By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white indentured servants.

  24. II. The early English colonies on the Chesapeake (cont’d) C. Bacon’s Rebellion 1. Tensions, discontents, and hatreds 2. Role of Nathaniel Bacon 3. Results D. Maryland 1. Proprietary colony 2. Importance of Catholics

  25. Bacon’s Rebellion • Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not to whites. • Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown. • They burned the capital. • Bacon suddenly died of fever. • Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.

  26. Results of Bacon’s Rebellion • It exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless former servants against gentry on coastal plantations. • Socio-economic class differences/clashes between rural and urban communities would continue throughout American history. • Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel  BLACK SLAVES!!

  27. The Settlement of Maryland • A royal charter wasgranted to GeorgeCalvert, Lord Baltimore,in 1632. • A proprietary colony created in 1634. • A healthier locationthan Jamestown. • Tobacco would be the main crop. • His plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor in a feudal relationship. • Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.

  28. A Haven for Catholics • Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants. • High number of Protestants threatened because of overwhelming rights given to Catholics. • Maryland Toleration Act of 1649 • Supported by the Catholics in MD. • Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS. • Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.]. • In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law was passed!!

  29. III. Colonial New England A. Compared to Chesapeake colonies 1. Middle class 2. More women 3. Healthier climate 4. Holy settlement B. Settlement at Plymouth 1. Pilgrims 2. Separatists 3. The Mayflower 4. Settlement of Plymouth 5. Mayflower Compact

  30. Puritanism • Calvinism Institutes of the Christian Religion • Predestination. • Good works could not save those predestined for hell. • No one could be certain of their spiritual status. • Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of “conversion.” • Puritans: • Want to totally reform [purify] the Church of England. • Grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation back in England.

  31. Separatists • Separatist Beliefs: • Puritans who believed only “visible saints” [those who could demonstrate in front of their fellow Puritans their elect status] should be admitted to church membership. • Because the Church of England enrolled all the king’s subjects, Separatists felt they had to share churches with the “damned.” • Therefore, they believed in a total break from the Church of England.

  32. The Mayflower • 1620  a group of 102 people [half Separatists] • Negotiated with theVirginia Company to settle in its jurisdiction. • Non-Separatists included Captain Myles Standish. • Plymouth Bay way outside the domain of the Virginia Company. • Became squatters without legal right to land & specific authority to establish a govt.

  33. The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620 • Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship. • Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule. • Signed by 41 adult males. • Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.

  34. Covenant Theology • “Covenant of Grace”: • between Puritan communities and God. • “Social Covenant”: • Between members of Puritan communities with each other. • Required mutual watchfulness. • No toleration of deviance or disorder. • No privacy.

  35. That First Year…. • Winter of 1620-1621 • Only 44 out of the original 102 survived. • None chose to leave in 1621 when the Mayflower sailed back. • Fall of 1621  First “Thanksgiving.” • Colony survived with fur [especially beaver], fish, and lumber. • Plymouth stayed small and economically unimportant. • 1691  only 7,000 people • Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony.

  36. III. Colonial New England (cont’d) C. Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630 1. Role of the Puritans 2. John Winthrop 3. Evolution of government D. Creation of Rhode Island 1. Views of Roger Williams 2. Religious freedom 3. Controversy over Anne Hutchinson E. Origins of Connecticut, 1637 F. Settlement of Maine and New Hampshire

  37. First Seal of MA Bay

  38. The MA Bay Colony • 1629  non-Separatists got a royal charter to form the MA Bay Co. • Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England. • They didn’t want to leave the Church, just its “impurities.” • 1630  1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships • Established a colony with Boston as its hub. • “Great Migration” of the 1630s • Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil War] sent about 70,000 Puritans to America. • Not all Puritans  20,000 came to MA.

  39. John Winthrop • Well-off attorney and manor lord in England. • A Modell of Christian Charity. • Became 1st governor of Massachusetts. • Believed that he had a “calling” from God to lead there. • Served as governor or deputy-governor for 19 years. ..we shall be as a City on a hill.The eyes of all people are upon us.

  40. Characteristics of New England Settlements • Low mortality  average life expectancy was 70 years of age. • Many extended families. • Average 6 children per family. • Average age at marriage: • Women – 22 years old • Men – 27 years old.

  41. Puritan “Rebels” • Young, popular minister in Salem. • Argued for a full break with the Anglican Church. • Condemned MA Bay Charter. • Did not give fair compensation to Indians. • Denied authority of civil govt. to regulate religious behavior. • 1635  found guilty of preaching newe & dangerous opinions and was exiled. Roger Williams

  42. Rhode Island • 1636  Roger Williams fled there. • MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him to England to prevent him from founding a competing colony. • Remarkable political freedom in Providence, RI • RI becomes known as the “Sewer”.

  43. Puritan “Rebels” • Intelligent, strong-willed,well-spoken woman. • Threatened patriarchal control. • Antinomialism [direct revelation] • Means “against the law.” • Carried to logical extremes Puritan doctrine of predestination. • Holy life was no sure sign of salvation. • Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of either God or man. AnneHutchinson

  44. Anne Hutchinson’s Trial • 1638  she confounded the Puritan leaders for days. • Eventually bragged that she had received her beliefs DIRECTLY from God. • Direct revelation was even more serious than the heresy of antinomianism. WHY?? • Puritan leaders banished her  she & her family traveled to RI and later to NY. • She and all but one member of her family were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester County. • John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!

  45. New England Colonies, 1650

  46. IV. New England Indians A. Cultural interactions 1. Strategies of Indians 2. English objectives B. Indian Society 1. Dependence of Nature 2. Religion 3. Epidemics C. Pequot War 1. Background 2. Massacre of Indians D. King Philip’s War

  47. The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637 • Pequots  verypowerful tribein CT river valley. • 1637  PequotWar • Whites, withNarragansettIndian allies,attacked Pequotvillage on Mystic River. • Whites set fire to homes & shot fleeing survivors! • Pequot tribe virtually annihilated an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years.

  48. A Pequot VillageDestroyed, 1637

  49. King Philip’s War (1675-1676} • Only hope for Native Americans to resist white settlers was to UNITE. • Metacom [King Philip to white settlers] • Massasoit’s son united Indians and staged coordinated attacks on white settlements throughout New England. • Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Boston.

  50. King Philip’s War (1675-1676} • The war ended in failure for the Indians • Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered. • His son and wife sold into slavery. • Never a serious threat in New England again!!

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