Chapter 3 Stokstad Pages 49-81

1. Ancient Egypt Chapter 3 Stokstad Pages49-81

2. Objectives • Appreciate the fact that you are learning about a place that has a very long history. • Grasp the basic divisions of Egyptian history into the Pre-Dynastic, Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom periods. • Recognize the fundamental artistic decisions that were made in the Old Kingdom period and watch the slow evolution of those characteristics over Egyptian history. • Gain an understanding of the close relationship of Egyptian art and Egyptian religion, especially the Egyptian preoccupation with death and beliefs about the afterlife. • Learn to use art to recognize Egyptian divisions of society: those who controlled, and those who were controlled.

3. TheRosetta Stone In 1799, Napoleon took a small troop of scholars, linguists and artists on a military expedition of Egypt and found the Rosetta Stone (named for the Rosetta coast of the Mediterranean where it was discovered) Composed of three languages: Formal Egyptian Hieroglyphic Demotic (Late Egyptian) Classical Greek(which they knew how to read) This stone became the key to unlocking the meanings behind Egyptian hieroglyphics!

5. CHRONOLOGY Three major periods of Egyptian history: Pre-Dynastic Period 4350-3150 BCE Early Dynastic Period 3150-2670 BCE Old Kingdom 2670-2150 BCE Middle Kingdom 2150-1800 BCE New Kingdom 1550-1070 BCE(includes Amarna period-1370-1350 BCE)

6. Ra

7. Egyptian Gods • Hathor • Goddess of love and fertility • Thoth (Ibis) • God of writing, science, and law • Maat • God of truth, order, and justice • Anubis • God of embalming and cemeteries • Bastet • Daughter of Ra

8. Predynastic Period: 4000-2700 BCE • Corresponds to late Neolithic period. • People survived on Nile • Agriculture allowed Egyptians to utilize Nile to fullest potential • Divided into multiple kingdoms • Kings increased power with claims of divinity

9. The God Kings • Egyptian Kings = Gods in Human Form • Kings rejoined their father (Ra) upon death • Kings built temples and provided priests to maintain them • Pleasing the gods = Goodwill toward the state • Egyptian beliefs reflected an ordered cosmos

10. Artistic Conventions • Memory images • Mathematical formulas • Hieratic Scale • Horizontal registers • Simplified Contours • Clear and flat colors • Profile

11. Palette of Narmer3150-2920 BCE Hierakonpolis, PREDYNASTIC mudstone

12. Palette of King Narmer • Ceremonial slate celebrating Upper Egypt’s victory over Lower Egypt. • Visual symbols convey specific meaning • Establishes style for portraying important figures -Composite View: Profile views of head, legs, and arms, with front views of his eye and torso -Hierarchical Scale: Important figures larger • Registers: Divided into horizontal bands

13. Palette of Narmer(Right) • Narmer wearing red cobra crown of Lower Egypt • Great bull symbolizes strength of Narmer • Elongated necks form circular depression to hold eye makeup

14. Symbolizing the Union

15. Palette of Narmer(Left) • Narmer wears white crown of Upper Egypt • Falcon is Horus, local god of Upper Egypt • Papyrus symbolizes Lower Egypt • Narmer not wearing sandals = sacred ground

16. Developed a Canon of Proportions: - based on a grid with each square based on the size of the fist. Canon of Proportions

17. Canon of Proportions

18. a palm is the width of four fingers a foot is the width of four palms (i.e., 12 inches) a cubit is the width of six palms a pace is four cubits a man's height is four cubits (and thus 24 palms) the length of a man's outspread arms (arm span) is equal to his height the distance from the hairline to the bottom of the chin is one-tenth of a man's height the distance from the top of the head to the bottom of the chin is one-eighth of a man's height the distance from the bottom of the neck to the hairline is one-sixth of a man's height the maximum width of the shoulders is a quarter of a man's height the distance from the middle of the chest to the top of the head is a quarter of a man's height the distance from the elbow to the tip of the hand is a quarter of a man's height the distance from the elbow to the armpit is one-eighth of a man's height the length of the hand is one-tenth of a man's height the distance from the bottom of the chin to the nose is one-third of the length of the head the distance from the hairline to the eyebrows is one-third of the length of the face the length of the ear is one-third of the length of the face the length of a man's foot is one-sixth of his height

19. Mastaba: Square mound-shaped tomb Veneer: faced with brick or stone Burial chamber deep underground  linked by shaft Serdab: sealed room to house the Ka or life force Sarcophagus: stone coffin housed the body Often grouped together in a Necropolis: city of the dead Funerary Architecture

20. Imhotep • First artist whose name has been recorded in history • Royal builder for King Djoser • Served as pharaoh’s chancellor and high priest of the sun god Re • Born a commoner, but deified during New Kingdom

21. Step Pyramid of King Djoser Saqqara Limestone Imhotep 2681-2662 BCE

23. Columns - Cylindrical, upright architectural support Engaged Columns – Columns set into the wall - NOT free-standing Fluting– shallow grooves running the length of a column Capitals – the top of a column Engaged Columns With Papyrus Capitals Mortuary Complex With King Djoser

24. Papyrus Blossom Fluted Palm Leaf Lotus Bud Papyrus Bud

25. Mastaba to Pyramid Was it simple architectural evolution? Or is there something more???

26. The Pyramids at Giza • First structures erected in the fourth dynasty (2575-2450 BCE) • Angled sides = Sun God Ra • Khufu – Khafre – Menkaure = 3 Pyramids • Designers of the pyramid tried to ensure undisturbed tombs

27. PYRAMIDS AT GIZADynasty IV, c. 2570-2544 BCE

28. Cross Section of Khufu’s Pyramid

30. THE GREAT SPHINXGiza, 2570-2544 BCE

31. Khafre (Chefren), Giza, 2500 BCE Horus Headdress Lotus And Papyrus

32. Menkaure (Mycerinus) and His Wife, Queen KhamerernebtyGiza, c. 2515 BCE • Common Pose: Representing Marriage • Figures meant to house the ka • Same height = Male/Female Beauty Slate

33. High Court Official Recorded important events in Egyptian hieroglyphics Seated Scribe Saqqara. 2450-2350 BCE

34. Ti Scale Not participating Success of a hunt was a metaphor for the triumph over the forces of evil Ti Watching the Hippopotamus Hunt Saqqara, Egypt 2450-2350 BCE

35. The Middle Kingdom 1975-1640 BCE • Powerful unified government • Art and writing flourished • Artistic efforts reflected political upheaval • Kings strengthened military • Expansion • Power of deified pharaoh declines • Loosening of established rules

36. Head of Senusret III 1938-1755 BCE Middle Kingdom Personality??? Sagging Cheeks Sunken Eyes Stern Jaw Sculpture

37. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/11/20/how-the-presidency-ages-m_n_145117.htmhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/11/20/how-the-presidency-ages-m_n_145117.htm l

38. Tomb Architecture • Rock-cut tombs • Popular among high officials • Tombs were equipped with a variety of objects meant to meet practical/religious needs • Food • Clothing • Furniture • Paintings • Figures of Deities

39. Senusret Pectoral

40. Discovered in a tomb Women = Fertility Men = Bad Luck Lotus Blossoms The Faience Hippo

41. Tomb art reveals domestic life in Middle Kingdom Egypt Everyday scenes Inexpensive materials Representations of Daily Life

42. The New Kingdom 1539-1075 BCE • Country reunited • Thutmose III • First to refer to himself as Pharaoh • Extensive building programs along the Nile • Worship of Amun-Ra spread

43. Amun Temple Renovated numerous times Karnak

44. Valley of the Kings and Queens • West Bank of the Nile • Royal Necropolis • Contains Hatshepsut’s funerary temple • One of the few women who ruled Egypt • “Living Goddess” • Married her half brother • Presented in all ways a male ruler would have been

45. Half mile from Valley of the Kings Positioned against cliffs Wasn’t intended to be her tomb Hatshepsut’s Temple

46. Funerary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut Architect: Senenmut1478-1458 BCE NEW KINGDOM

47. Akhenaten • 17 year reign • Transformed political, spiritual, and cultural life • Founded a MONOtheistic religion • Aten • Moved capital from Thebes to Tell el-Amarna • Openly challenged state gods

48. Akhenaton1353-1335 BCEAmarna Style Sandstone

49. Akhenaten saw himself as Aten’s son Commanded artists portray the royal family in informal situations Sunken Relief Outlines of the figures have been carved into the surface Akhenaten and his Family 1353-1336 New Kingdom Limestone Amarna Style