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Ch. 11: A World in Flames

Ch. 11: A World in Flames. 1931 - 1941. Section 1: America and the World. The Rise of Dictators… and -isms… WWI + Great Depression = Desperate People Many in Europe feel trading freedom for security is a wise choice.

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Ch. 11: A World in Flames

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  1. Ch. 11:A World in Flames 1931 - 1941

  2. Section 1:America and the World • The Rise of Dictators… • and -isms… • WWI + Great Depression = Desperate People • Many in Europe feel trading freedom for security is a wise choice.

  3. All within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state. Italy • Mussolini (Il Duce) and Fascism • “Aggressive nationalism” • Anti-Communist • Anti-”the individual” • Pro-the family, middle class • Pro-the Catholic Church

  4. USSR (Soviet Union) Death is the solution to all problems. No man - no problem. • 1917- Bolshevik Revolution • Communism • 1st: Lenin • Then: Stalin (“Uncle Joe”) • Anti-”the individual” • 8 – 10 million peasants (at least) died resisting the new party

  5. It goes without saying that when survival is threatened, struggles erupt between peoples, and unfortunate wars between nations result. Japan • Hideki Tojo • Militarism • Uneven balance of trade • Trying to be an industrialized leader, but lacks resources • Invades Manchuria (China) to get needed minerals, etc.

  6. Spain I am responsible only to God and history. • General Francisco Franco • Republicans + Socialists + Communists joined Franco-led rebellion back by Falangists (Spanish Fascists) •  Spanish Civil War (1936) USSR aid gov’t. Vs. Germany, Italy aided Fascists

  7. All propaganda has to be popular and has to accommodate itself to the comprehension of the least intelligent of those whom it seeks to reach. Germany • Hitler • Admired Mussolini • Fought WWI • Angry at allies and Ger. gov't • Nazism-Nat'l Socialist Ger. Workers Party • Nationalistic – • Anti-Communist • Tried to take power early • Arrested, wrote Mein Kampf: “My Struggle”. “Unification of all Ger. people under gov't.” • Aryans- blonde, blue-eyed Germans- “Master Race” • “We need more lebensraum” -- living space • (Expand into Poland and Russia) • “Slavic peoples of E. Euro.- inferior race. We should enslave them.” • Esp. hated Jews-felt they were responsible for German defeat in WWI.

  8. Hitler, con’t. • After prison-changed to more “peaceful” tactics • Get power in Reichstag (Parliament). • Gr. Dep. made masses angry at traditional gov't. • Nazi's rose in power • 1933- Hitler appointed chancellor (Prime Minister) - intimidated voters • 1934- Prez. (and control of army)- rebuilt military

  9. In groups… • Focus on the person (your title). • Include… • Place • -ism (if applicable) • Problems to solve • Promises made • Include a quote that indicates what this person stands for • Cut into a shape that “makes sense” for the person/situation

  10. FDR becomes President • Originally focuses on Gr. Dep. • But eventually the war draws his attention • Policy of Internationalism: trade between nations creates prosperity and helps prevent war. Right? ;)

  11. America Tries Neutrality • People favoring isolationism • Euro countries not repaying war debs • Nye Committee- “Did arms dealers convince gov't to enter WWI to make $?” • Neutrality Act-1935 • “Illegal to sell arms to any country @ war” → So, we don't get involved in Spanish Civil War

  12. Alliances Start • Italy and Germany and Japan (→ Axis Powers, 1940) • Neutrality Act-1937 • We'll sell you non-military items, But--your ships, you pay cash. • “Cash and Carry” Only/No loans! • Manchuria attack becomes Japan vs. China undeclared war- since not at war, FDR helps China → sells weapons to them

  13. Section 2:World War II Begins (in Europe) Hitler still saying all German people should be united. Late 1937. 1. Military takeover of Austria. Forced Unification of Germany and Austria -the Anschluss -no allies -under authoritarian gov't. 2. Sudetenland (part of Czech) - they objected - did not see selves as German, plus were a democracy, plus allied w/France, USSR - lots of threats

  14. Munich Conference - 1938 • Brit, Fr, Italy, Ger. • Sept. 1938- appeasement - giving in to demands in exchange for peace. • Brit and Fr. hoped this was the end of it. • They • Remembered WWI • All German people together is a reasonable request • Once we give Nazis more land, they'll be satisfied • So, Hitler took the land

  15. 3. Poland -esp. port of Danzig (and “Polish Corridor” to East Prussia) • Hitler started making advances. • Brit and Fr. said they would aid Poland. • Hitler worried about having to fight Soviets • Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact • Aug. 1939, “We won't fight each other AND we'll split Poland.” • Sept. 1, 1939 - Ger. Invades Poland (from West) • (shortly thereafter- Soviets invade from East) • Sept. 3 - Brit and Fr. declare war on Germany

  16. World War II • Blitzkrieg • “lightning war” • Poland unable to defend/stop Ger. • Tanks -air support -paratroopers → surrounded, cut off from supplies, heavy losses • In 1 month, Poland fell. • Maginot Line- bunkers and barriers btwn Fr. and Ger. http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=fbd3b5c6-087a-47cd-b5f5-b9835f1ce9f3&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=HUB

  17. Hitler Moves through Europe • Spring 1940 - Norway and Denmark fell, Sweden → • Ger. Depended on its iron ore • THEN Hitler went to France, THROUGH the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg (to avoid the fortified Maginot Line) • Fr. and G.B raced to Belgium. Hitler snuck in “behind them” and trapped them in Belgium

  18. Miracle at Dunkirk • 338,000 men saved! 1. G.B. left unharmed @ home 2. Much of Fr. Army in Belgium 3. Ger. Occupied N. Fr., Atlantic coastline → Fr. Surrendered 4. Vichy Gov't. installed

  19. Meanwhile, in Great Britain A man does what he must - in spite of personal consequences, in spite of obstacles and dangers and pressures - and that is the basis of all human morality. • Hooray! Winston Churchill leads a defiant Gr. Brit. • Speech to Parliament • June 4, 1940 • Raise spirits of Brits • Let U.S. know real situation • Assure Ger. they will not surrender

  20. Hitler Knew He Needed to Invade Great Britain • Brit. Air Force would destroy Ger. Ships crossing the channel, so Hitler knew he needed to destroy the RAF first • -Luftwaffe- German Air Force- bombing • 1st- shipping in the channel (June 1940) • Then - Battle of Britain (RAF fields) (Aug. 1940) • Oops- bombed London • RAF had radar! • RAF hurt Luftwaffe significantly by knowing when they were coming • Hitler stopped/canceled invasion of Brit. (Oct. 1940) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQ0fGS01Pdg

  21. Section 3:The Holocaust • Who? Nazis → Jews, gays, Gypsies, other Slavic peoples, people w/ disabilities • What? Originally - isolating them. • Then, Wannsee Conference (1942) - Final Solution • When? Slowly, starting w/the Nuremberg Laws, in 1935, mass murder in 1942-1945 • Where? Concentration camps in Germany, Austria and Poland mostly • Buchenwald and others • Why? Hitler's position in Mein Kampf; anti-Semitism common; all Jews were a problem (in Nazi ideal).

  22. Steps in Persecution • Sept. '35- Nuremberg Laws, took away citizenship, banned mixed marriages • Nov. '35- defined Jews as having at least 1 Jewish grandparent, can't hold public office, can't vote, change names to sound less Jewish • Passports marked w/“J” • Summer '36 - New laws forced firing of Jews in many positions, unemployment up • 1938 - can't practice law, medicine; own business (early law made it so patients/ customers only Jewish)

  23. 1938- Deportation into Poland begins. • Nov. 9, 1938- Kristallnacht- “Night of Broken Glass”, mass destruction of Jewish businesses, synagogues, personal property, etc. in Austria, Germany, wealthy forced to emigrate, but “red tape” slow and other countries did not want them. Many were stuck. • Jan 20, 1942- Wannsee Conference- “The final solution”, • Previous Solutions: shooting, mass graves, exhaust fumes into packed trucks → too slow, not efficient enough, • so-round all up, sent to • → concentration camps - worked to death, →extermination camps - gas chamber executions

  24. How could this happen? • (6 million Jews + hundreds of thousands of others exterminated) • Ger. sense of injury b/c of WWI • Economic probs. (Gr. Dep.) • Hitler's control and manipulation • Propaganda Machine • Lack of a strong tradition of representative gov't in Ger. • Fear of secret police • Long history of fear and prejudice of Jewish peoples • Genocide

  25. Section 4:America Enters the War • Neutrality Act of 1939 • Can buy weapons, non-weapons • 1. pay cash • 2. carry on own ships • Then - FDR instituted “Destroyers for Bases” program w/ Churchill (Spring 1940) • Right to build Amer. bases on Newfoundland, Bermuda, Carib. • Send 50 old destroyers to Brit.

  26. Public Opinion • Fight for Freedom: anti-Germany, no more neutrality! • Committee to Defend America: aiding the allies, increased aid to allies, but no armed intervention • America First Committee: very isolationist, no intervention, no aid. • Charles Lindberg!

  27. FDR’s Four Freedoms Speech Pg. 999 These are the ideals the U.S. and Great Britain stand for…

  28. Gr. Brit. out of cash so... • Dec. 1940 • FDR - “Lend-Lease Act” - U.S. can lend or lease arms to any country considered “vital to the defense of the U.S.” • So… • Can send weapons to G.B. if they'll return or pay rent after war. • Give USSR loans also as Hitler broke Nazi- Soviet pact and invaded

  29. Other U.S. actions • Hemispheric Defense Zone • “Warning: Stay out of Western Atlantic!” • Revealed Ger. sub locations to Gr. Brit. • Aug. 1941 - Atlantic Charter - FDR and Churchill – • Agreed for world-wide democracy post-war • Laid foundation for UN • German-U.S. Hostilities in Atlantic • U-boats vs. U.S. Destroyers • → by end of '41 very tense

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