John Calvin argued in his book, Institutes of the Christian Religion, that

1. John Calvin argued in his book, Institutes of the Christian Religion, that • Grace could not be achieved without good works • Grace was bestowed on few individuals, and the rest are destined for hell • Salvation was the one topic that he could not fully explore because God’s will in that area could never be known • Grace was available to all who had faith • Salvation was a sign of a compact between God and man Wait! Answer the question before you see the options. You expect to see an answer that discusses Predestination, right?

2. Watch out for these! • The revolt of the German peasants in 1525 was caused by all of the following EXCEPT • Economic distress of the German peasants • Increasing restrictions on the independence of the German peasantry • Martin Luther’s call for a “priesthood of all believers” • Encouragement by the Catholic Church for the peasants to rebel against Protestant nobles • The loss of hunting and fishing rights that had been taken by the nobles

3. Which of the following cities became the center of High Renaissance (1490-1520) culture? • Rome • Venice • Florence • Naples • Milan Know EXACTLY what the question is asking! If you read too fast, or do not know your content, you might have picked “C”

4. Working and middle class individuals were united in opposition to • The Factory Act • Chartism • The Reform Bill of 1867 • The Great Reform Bill of 1832 • The Corn Laws Unsure? Find clues in the question to at least give you a chance to eliminate some incorrect options

5. The Arab oil embargo of 1973 • Led to a dramatic upsurge in the use of alternative energy • Brought about increased tensions among the countries of the European Union • Led to the high inflation that undercut the economies of Europe for the remainder of the decade • Had relatively little impact because fuel reserves throughout Europe remained adequate • Brought about an East-West rapprochement as the Eastern Bloc provided much needed coal Don’t know what this means? TOO BAD!! The AP doesn’t care! No freakin’ clue, eh?? Look to eliminate “extreme” answers. If that doesn’t work, look for the longest answer. Or guess B, C, or D

6. Notice the context of the question. Pick the answer that makes the LEAST sense • Poland disappeared as an independent nation in the 18th century due to all of the following reasons EXCEPT • Russian, Prussian, and Austrian annexations of Polish territories • The Polish nobility reduced the monarchy to a powerless institution • France refused to intervene on behalf of the Poles • The nation was vulnerable due to its exposed lands without natural borders • The Catholic Church was unsympathetic to Polish statehood

7. Check context clues • Based on the work Lives of the Artists, Vasari is considered the first • Humanist scholar to be interested in art • Art historian • To be concerned with the question of aesthetics • To question the seriousness of contemporary artists • Art collector

8. “Oh highest and most marvelous felicity of man! To him it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to be whatever he wills.” • The above quote represents most closely the view of • a Northern humanist scholar • Someone from the Middle Ages • a Protestant preacher • a Catholic priest • an Italian Renaissance scholar This will test your reading comprehension

9. “To arrive at complete certainty, this is the attitude that we should maintain: I will believe that the white object I see is black if that should be the desire of the hierarchical church, for I believe that linking Christ our Lord the Bridegroom and His Bride the Church, there is one and the same Spirit, ruling and guiding us for our souls’ good. For our Holy Mother the Church is guided and ruled by the same spirit, the Lord who gave the Ten Commandments.” • This passage comes from the pen of • Martin Luther • Erasmus • Ignatius Loyola • Galileo • John Calvin This will test your reading comprehension as well…do you notice the key word? Oh…BTW, if you are still unsure, I hope you can eliminate one answer!

10. “Sire! We must do from above what the French have done from below!” (1806) • Who said the above words? • Johann Fichte • Count Steuben • Friedrich Hegel • Baron Stein • General Blucher No darn clue again?? The date (1806) doesn’t help? Don’t known any of the names? Then just guess. Options B, C, or D are usually the best bets.

11. Bon Marché in Paris was an early • Public sporting event • Café • Apartment building with electric lights • Joint-stock company • Department store You have no idea again? Then guess again. Trust your first instinct. What options seem to make sense? Try to eliminate options that make little sense. Options B, C, or D are usually the best bets. But also trust your gut...if something looks good, go with it

12. The first person to isolate radium was • Louis Pasteur • Marie Curie • Max Plank • Ernest Rutherford • William Siemens Unsure? Well if you know your content, you should notice Pasteur’s name. He can be eliminated. If you are still unsure, use the elimination tactics that were already discussed.

13. The later baroque style is know for • Its restrained use of color • Its minimalist aesthetic • Its rigorous realism • Its soothing contemplative qualities • Its extreme ornamentation Once again, know EXACTLY what the question is asking! And you better know your art. If you read too fast or lack the historical knowledge, you would incorrectly pick “C”

14. Montesquieu, in his Spirit of Laws, was inspired by the system of government in • Venice • Russia • Great Britain • France • The United States Know your content…or you won’t answer this question correctly. It’s really that simple.

15. Martin Luther and Henrich Zwingli broke over the question of • Salvation by faith • The primacy of the scriptures • The role of the clergy • Jesus’s presence in the mass • Infant baptism Once again…Know your content.

16. The primary significance of the Crimean War was that • The Ottoman Empire lost control over Istanbul • It revealed the impact of industrialization on warfare • It marked the end of the Concert of Europe • It left key issues in the Crimean region unresolved • The French gained control over religious sites in the Holy Land Know your content. Pick the BEST answer!!!

17. The British General Strike of 1926 was sparked by problems in which industry? • Shipbuilding • Coal • Textiles • Transport • Iron No clue again?? Notice the context clues. That might help you eliminate some options. Maybe it is B, C, or D. Trust your instincts.

18. The “Diggers,” a group that emerged during the English Revolution, believed that • The monarchy must be based on popular support • England needed to become a theocracy • Enclosure laws needed to be reformed • Private ownership of land should be abolished • Property belonging to supporters of Charles I should be redistributed to the landless Once again…Know your content.

19. We need to find the BIGGESTproblem • By 1917, the biggest problem facing the French army was • A shortage of shells • The anticipated withdrawal of British forces from the Western Front • Germany’s capture of Verdun • Mass desertion • The refusal of some soldiers to fight There are a few good options. But notice the wording of the options. First off, option B should be eliminated. It is just wrong Option C is too specific. Option D is too extreme. Option A and E seem plausible

20. Carnival was an important social outlet in early modern Europe because • It liberated people, if only for a short time, from hierarchical society • It was critical to economic growth • It brought religious fervor to a frenzy • It lessened tensions between Catholics and Protestants • It was the only time during the year that townspeople didn’t have to work You might not be able to figure out the absolute correct answer here, but you can at least figure out what makes sense and what does not.