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The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests. Earlier Explorations. Silk Road Spice Trade Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet” A New Player  Europe Marco Polo- Italy, 1271 Expansion becomes a state enterprise  monarchs had the authority & the resources.

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The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

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  1. The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

  2. Earlier Explorations • Silk Road Spice Trade • Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet” • A New Player  Europe • Marco Polo- Italy, 1271 • Expansion becomes a state enterprise  monarchs had the authority & the resources. • Better seaworthy ships.

  3. Admiral Zheng He • Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide! 1371-1435

  4. Zheng He’s Voyages • In 1498, Da Gama (Portuguese) reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

  5. Isolationist China • 1644 Manchu's from Manchuria invaded China- Overthrew Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) • Qing Dynasty established • Remained isolationist country until Europeans would pay tribute to the Chinese emperor • The Dutch from The Netherlands did this!

  6. A Map of the Known World,pre- 1492 How do we know that the cartographer had limited info??

  7. Motives for European Exploration Luxury Goods- want a faster and safer trade route to Asia. Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue  Monarchs wanted new ways to get $. Technology advances. Fame and fortune. Want to stop the spread of Islam- Spread Christianity! The Three G’s Gold God Glory

  8. New Technologies Better Maps [created by cartographers] AstrolabeFrom Where?? Arabia Mariner’s CompassFrom Where?? China Sextant

  9. New Weapons Technology Triangular Lateen Sails Rudder Shallow Hull Gunpowder and guns!

  10. Prince Henry, the Navigator • School for Navigation in Portugal

  11. Portugal • First country to search for gold and spices by sea; wanted to increase trade!

  12. Portuguese Empire • Exploring the west coast of Africa. • Vasco da Gama, 1498. • Calicut, • India.

  13. Spain • Wanted to conquer • Use land to become wealthy • Convert people to Christianity • Treaty of Tordesillas • Pope Alexander VI, 1494- split the unexplored world in half through the Atlantic from North to South Poles.

  14. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 Portugal’s Spain’s Divided the world into two parts, one for Spain, one for Portugal

  15. Japan • Japan divided into warring states which welcomed outside traders • 1600- Japan united by Tokugawa Shogunate • *Japan closes itself off from the world • **Ideas & Trade

  16. Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]

  17. Columbus’ Four Voyages Columbus Explored In The Islands of the Caribbean Sea

  18. Other Voyages of Exploration

  19. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c

  20. Global Trade • New agricultural products • Sugar, tobacco, coffee, siliver mining • Expensive to trade- need financial backer • Joint-stock companies=individual merchants combined resources, shared profits/risks of trading voyage • Some companies had government support/protection (Dutch East India Trading Company

  21. Mercantilism • Defined: State’s power dependent upon its wealth • Goal of every nation is to gain wealth • Gain wealth by mining or trading • In trade, want to export more than you import • Governments help exporting businesses (monopolies, tariffs) • Colonies- source of raw materials, market for exports

  22. Global Exchange • Population growth in Europe • Worldwide exchange of people, goods, tech, ideas, diseases • Rise of capitalism- economic system based on private ownership and investing resources for profit

  23. The “Columbian Exchange”

  24. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

  25. The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II

  26. The Death of Montezuma II

  27. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

  28. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

  29. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

  30. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores OfficialEuropeanColony! Missionaries PermanentSettlers

  31. Treasuresfrom the Americas!

  32. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

  33. The Slave Trade • Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. • Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. • Sugar cane & sugar plantations. • Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

  34. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

  35. European Empires in the Americas

  36. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Our Lady of Guadalupe Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission

  37. New Colonial Rivals Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. Dutch arrive in India in 1595. English start sailing, as well.

  38. New Colonial Rivals

  39. Impact of European Expansion Native populations ravaged by disease. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. Deepened European rivalries.

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