European Colonization

1. European Colonization 1492--1700

2. 30,000-40,000 years before Columbus: 1st NA inhabitants • 15th c.– Western European nations seek colonization for pol. & eco. Advantages • Stimulated by compass, shipbuilding techniques • Spain & Portugal led the way Early Exploration

3. 16th century– central American civilizations fell to European diseases brought with explorers • Treaty of Tordesillas(1494) • By 1640s: Spanish eco. benefits in the New World seriously declined… Spain is left a second-rate power Spain Colonizes the New World

4. The rise of nation-states in Europe was a factor in stimulating explorations to the New World. • Spain and Portugal initially colonized the Western Hemisphere. • The Dutch colonized the Hudson River Valley, the French settled in parts of Canada and the Ohio River Valley, and the English ultimately established a strong foothold on the eastern seaboard. • The origins of the English colonies varied; as did their social & political systems. Key Concepts

5. Est. New Netherland at Hudson River & New Amsterdam • Quebec & Nova Scotia= first permanent settlements for French • Neither government encouraged its citizens to resettle in the New World • Treaty of Utrecht (1713)-- France loses territory to Britain Dutch Settlements and a French Empire in North America

6. 1606 • Virginia • Disease, starvation • Economy stabilized after successful cultivation of tobacco • 1676: burned during Bacon's Rebellion The British Empire in the New World: Jamestown

7. Plymouth, Mass.: Pilgrims arrive on Mayflower • **Mayflower Compact • Other NE colonies: • Connecticut (“Fundamental Orders”= 1st constitution written in America) • Rhode Island (Roger Williams, Anne Hutchison) • New Hampshire • Maine New England colonies

8. New York: British capture New Netherland from the Dutch • New Jersey • Pennsylvania: Quaker haven est. by William Penn • Delaware The Middle Colonies

9. (Virginia) • Maryland: est. for Catholics by Lord Baltimore • Act of Toleration (1649)= rel. tolerance for Christians • The Carolinas • Known for religious & political freedom, & slavery • Divided in 1729 • Georgia: buffer state for convicts The Southern Colonies

10. Causes of the American Revolution 1650-1774

11. Prior to 1763, the British subordinated American capital to British capital The British success in the French and Indian War transformed the relationship between Britain and the American colonies British policies after 1763 were designed to raise revenue to pay for the cost of the empire. The American colonists were divided over what course of action to take in response to British policies. The Americans created a government, the Continental Congress, to address the deteriorating relationship between Britain and the colonies. Key Concepts

12. French & Indian War (1754-1763) • Albany Congress: would have est. an American Congress, but colonists weren’t for it • Until 1758, British lack success • Treaty of Paris (1763) ends French control of North America European Colonies in the New World

13. With Britain’s empire now larger, the British have to figure out: • How to govern the land • How to pay for controlling the territory • How to deal w/Natives in new areas • How to assimilate French Canadians into British Empire • The difficulties posed by opening new trade routes • How to pay for war debt • Stubborn colonists who won’t welcome new restrictions Problems Inherited by Britain following the War

14. 1650-1763: “salutary neglect” period • Abandoned in 1763 under new prime minister George Grenville • The Navigation Laws– restricted American trade • Proclamation of 1763– forbid migration beyond the Appalachians Pre-Revolutionary War British Policy in the Colonies

15. Sugar Act of 1764: duties on imported sugar • Quartering Act (1765): Americans must provide food/supplies to British troops in the colonies • Stamp Act (1765): tax on printed materials • Stamp Act Congress forms and issues a Declaration of Rights • Declaratory Act (1766): Britain professed the right to tax without challenge • Townshend Acts (1767): put customs duties on imports of glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea.

16. Redcoats retaliate against Bostonians, killing/wounding 11 • New PM Lord North repeals Townshend duties, except the tax on tea • Sam Adams’s committees of correspondence helped nurture the revolutionary spirit The Boston “Massacre”

17. In response to a tea tax • British tea cargo destroyed in Boston Harbor • Britain’s response: the Intolerable Acts (aka Coercive Acts) against Massachusetts • And Quartering Act now requires colonists to house British troops when ordered • Quebec Act (1774) worried/angered Americans b/c… • Nonrepresentative govt. established for French Canadians • Expansion of Quebec’s territory (Proc. Of 1763) • Official religion: Catholicism The Boston Tea Party and the British Response

18. Sept. 1774 • Philadelphia • Declared the Intolerable Acts null & void • Recommended forming militias • Boycott of British goods The First Continental Congress

19. Key concepts: Both sides had military, political, and economic advantages and disadvantages during the war. Turning Point: Saratoga Black Americans played an important role in the war. The American Revolution: 1774-1783

20. April 1775 • British sent in search of military supplies • Heavy British casualties • Led other colonists to organize against the British • Second Continental Congress meets Lexington & Concord

21. Bunker Hill: British won, but with high casualties • Next month: Olive Branch Petition • Parliament's response: Prohibitory Act • July 4, 1776: DOI • 1st part: preamble/basic rights • 2nd part: grievances/declaration of war The War Begins

22. Larger population • Considerable financial resources • Highly trained/experience fighting force • Royal Navy controlled seas & trade • Native American support • Loyalists (Tories) • Help from slaves British Advantages

23. Military needed to manage global empire • Fighting style unsuitable for American wilderness • Logistical (communication) problems British Disadvantages

24. Fighting for liberty, their homes and way of life • Excellent officers • Guerilla warfare • French financial (& military) support American Advantages

25. Smaller army • Continental Congress had no real political authority • American loyalism or indifference • Supply shortages American Disadvantages

26. Battle of Saratoga-- French decide to help Americans • Battle of Yorktown-- led to Corwallis's surrender • Treaty of Paris (1783): • Recognition of U.S. Independence • New boundaries • Access to Newfoundland • Compensation for Loyalists Major Military Events of the War

27. Land Ordinance of 1785– provided for the organization of western lands into states • Northwest Ordinance– populations of 60,000 would allow a territory to become a state Achievements of the AOC

28. Key Concepts: • The Articles of Confederation were insufficient • The Constitution involved major compromises • Opposition to the USC--> Antifederalists • Bill of Rights Creation of the U.S. Constitution: 1781-1791

29. Under the AOC, the central govt was extremely ineffective. Key features: • Unicameral legislature • No authority for Congress to impose taxes • 1 vote/state in Congress • No provision for uniform national currency • No chief executive • 9/13 states required to pass legislation • Unanimity for amending AOC • Congress can't regulate interstate or foreign commerce Articles of Confederation

30. May 1787-- Philadelphia • Great Compromise (bicameral legislature) • Three-fifths Compromise • Fugitive slave law • 3 branches (separation of powers/checks and balances) • federalism Constitutional Convention

31. Antifederalists: Backcountry/agricultural areas Opposed strong central govt. Patrick Henry, John Hancock Wanted a Bill of Rights Federalists: • Upper class • Washington, Hamilton, Madison, Franklin • Strong central govt. • Federalist Papers The Ratification Debate: Federalists vs. Antifederalists

32. Hamilton's economic plan promoted manufacturing and enlarged the role of the government. The BUS and the tariff were opposed in rural areas & southern states. There were were both differences & similarites between the Hamiltonian and Jeffersonian movements. “Revolution of 1800”= the election of Jefferson The Marshall Court defined the role & powers of the judicial branch. Relations w/France & Britain were strained under Adams & Jefferson. The New Nation: 1789-1800KEY CONCEPTS

33. George Washington • VP John Aams • Sec. of State: Jefferson • Sec. of Treasury: Hamilton • Sec. of War: Knox • **Judiciary Act 1789-- created the Supreme Court The First Executive Branch

34. Tariff of 1789: protective; provided revenue for government • Emphasized paying off debts • South didn't want the central gov. paying off debts at face value • Compromise reached: Assumption Bill (Southerners agreed to support Hamilton's proposal if the U.S. Capitol were to be relocated to the South) • Growth of manufacturing through tariffs, loans, grants, excise taxes, infrastructural development • Creation of a national bank (the Bank of the United States) The Hamiltonian Vision

35. Neutrality Proclamation: Pres. Washington, during the French Rev., claimed that the U.S. was in no position to confront European powers • Jay Treaty (1794): John Jay convinced the British to remove their forts in America, but not to stop seizing American ships or impressing American sailors • Pinckney Treaty (1795): Spain granted Americans more trading rights in New Orleans Foreign Affairs

36. Whiskey Rebellion-- put down by Washington himself • ** showed power of fed. gov. • Washington's Farewell Address: • Warned against political parties & entangling foreign alliances Domestic Affairs

37. VP: Jefferson • XYZ Affair: U.S. officials before they could meet w/French official • Alien & Sedition Acts-- aimed to reduce the power of the Democratic-Republicans • Public response: Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions (compact theory) President Adams(Federalist)

38. 1st peaceful transition from one political party to another • Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) selected after a tie is broken by the House “The Revolution of 1800”

40. 1803: Louisiana Purchase • Lewis & Clark explore new territory • U.S. fights Barbary pirates, who had been attacking U.S. Ships in North Africa • American ships targeted by GB & France during ongoing GB-France conflict • Response of Jefferson (& successor, Madison)---> use trade acts to harm GB & F commercially • Nonintercourse acts, Embargo Act, Macon's Bill No. 2 • Will lead to War of 1812 Key Events under Jefferson

41. The Supreme Court under John Marshall became strongly identified with: • Expanding the Court's jursidiction • Judicial nationalism over states' rights • Blocking state regulations that limited property rights • Freeing American commerce from restraints placed on it by states The Marshall Court

42. Marbury v. Madison (1803)-- judicial review • Fletcher v. Peck (1810)-- states cannot pass laws that invalidate a contract • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)-- ruled in favor of the federal govt's power to create a national bank • Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)-- fed govt.'s authority over interstate trade The Marshall Court

43. Key Concepts: • Territorial expansion was an objective of the U.S. Gov. from its inception • Controversial British actions & American policies aggravated relations between the two nations, leading to the War of 1812. • Monroe Doctrine= U.S. dominance in Western Hemisphere U.S. Foreign Affairs from 1812 to the 1850s

44. Original 13 states (1783)-- Treaty of Paris: all land east of the Mississippi River • Louisiana Purchase (1803)-- Purchased from France for $15m-- 825,000 square miles • Florida (1819)-- Adams-Onis Treaty: $5 m • Texas (1845)-- after independent from Mexico, enters Union as slave state • Oregon Country (1846)-- 49th parallel est. by U.S. And GB as Oregon boundary • Mexican Cession (1848)-- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Mexico defeated, U.S. Pays $15m • Gadsden Purchase (1853)-- from Mexico; $10m for southern transcontinental RR Major Territorial Acquisitions: 1783-1853

45. GB & France had violated America's neutral shipping/commercial rights • The British had been inciting Native uprisings in the West • W. H. Harrison defeated Tecumseh at Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 • “war hawks”-- Congressman w/hostility towards GB (ex: Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun) • Opposed by Federalists (Hartford Convention) • June 18, 1812: U.S. declares war on GB The War of 1812

46. Americans fail to invada Canada 3 times • By 2nd year, the British had paralyzed U.S. trade/commerce • The U.S. had more success on land, esp. against Native Americans • The British launched a three-pronged attack in the summer of 1814 • Burned White House • Dec. 1814-- Treaty of Ghent ends war • Jan. 1815-- Battle of New Orleans (A. Jackson) The War: Military Operations

47. Devastated the U.S. Economy • Large areas of DC destroyed • American nationalism grew • U.S. gained military recognition • Death of the Federalist Party (for opposition to war) • War heroes Jackson & Harrison gained popularity that later propelled them to the White House Effects of the War of 1812

48. 1827: the Cherokees established a government independent from the US • 1830: Indian Removal Act-- aimed at moving the Cherokees west • Worcester v. Georgia (1832)-- SC ruled that state law had no authority within Cherokee territory • Pres. Jackson's response: “John Marshall made his decision, now let him enforce it.” (he wouldn't use his authority to enforce the decision) The Trail of Tears

49. 1821-- Mexico gains independence from Spain • Thousands of Americans (& their slaves) settled in the northern province of Mexico • 1829-- Mexican govt. requires that all settlers convert to Catholicism, and it abolished slavery • 1834-- Santa Anna becomes dictator • 1836-- Texas declares independence • Texas Revolution (1835-6) • TX is an independent republic Texas Independence

50. Goals of Polk's: • Settle Oregon dispute w/GB • Acquire California & Texas • Dec. 29, 1845-- TX admitted as state • Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842): settled boundary dispute w/GB between Maine & Canada • Oregon Treaty (1846): extended Oregon Territory-- Canadian border along the 49th parallel Pres. Polk & Territorial Expansion