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Agenda Warm Up Example Cladogram Classifying Theobroma cacao part 2 Cladisticules Homework

Thursday 3/1 Has anyone NOT presented? New TOC #s #7: Classifying Theobroma cacao Part 2 #8: Cladisticules. Warm Up#5 How are a phylogeny and a cladogram different? How are they related? What does a branch off point in a cladogram mean?

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Agenda Warm Up Example Cladogram Classifying Theobroma cacao part 2 Cladisticules Homework

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  1. Thursday 3/1Has anyone NOT presented?New TOC #s#7: Classifying Theobromacacao Part 2 #8: Cladisticules Warm Up#5 How are a phylogeny and a cladogram different? How are they related? What does a branch off point in a cladogram mean? Explain how the two images show the same evolutionary history Agenda Warm Up Example Cladogram Classifying Theobroma cacao part 2 Cladisticules Homework 1. Finish cladisticules

  2. Quick Question This is a cladogram of vertebrates. What do you think are represented by the red lines?

  3. Creation of Cladograms Given a set of observations, phylogenetic analysis seeks to find the simplest branching relationships between organisms to depict their evolution. Heritable traits possessed by organisms, characters, are used to compare the organisms being studied. • Characters can be compared across organisms • physical traits • genetic sequences • behavioral traits.

  4. BUT HOW DO WE CONSTRUCT A CLADOGRAM? ?

  5. 3 Alternative, mutually exclusive Cladograms How Do We Choose Between Them?

  6. INGROUP ORGANISMS PP RD CE Characters Fur/Mane No Yes Yes Yes Toes/Foot Many Toes One Hoof One Hoof One Hoof Wings No No Yes Yes Horn No No No Yes (Not an Ancestor, but a Stand-in to represent the Ancestral Condition) Eyes Yes Yes Yes Yes Tail Yes Yes Yes Yes Mouth Yes Yes Yes Yes Outgroup Derived States Primitive (ancestral) State

  7. INGROUP ORGANISMS Outgroup PP RD CE Characters Fur/Mane No Yes Yes Yes Toes/Foot Many Toes One Hoof One Hoof One Hoof Wings No No Yes Yes Horn No No No Yes Eyes Yes Yes Yes Yes Tail Yes Yes Yes Yes Mouth Yes Yes Yes Yes Derived character states found in only one organism separate them from other organisms Horn 3 Steps (evolutionary transitions from ancestral  derived) to explain this tree Wings Fur/Mane One Hoof Ancestral characters shared by all taxa link organisms together Eyes Tail Mouth

  8. Taxa Outgroup RD PP CE Characters Fur/Mane No Yes Yes Yes Toes/Foot Many Toes One Hoof One Hoof One Hoof Wings No No Yes Yes Wings Loss of Wings 4 Steps (with wings developing convergently) Wings Fur/Mane One Hoof OR Wings 4 Steps (with wings developing in ancestral pony, and lost in PP)

  9. Taxa Outgroup CE PP RD Characters Fur/Mane No Yes Yes Yes Toes/Foot Many Toes One Hoof One Hoof One Hoof Wings No No Yes Yes Wings Loss of Wings 4 Steps (with wings developing convergently) Wings Fur/Mane One Hoof OR Wings 4 Steps (with wings developing in ancestral pony, and lost in PP)

  10. 3 Steps The preferred cladogram is the simplest! (Least number of assumptions) So, which cladogram is the best description of the evolution of these little ponies? 4 Steps 4 Steps

  11. Lets build a Chocolate Cladogram!

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