Warm Up #2

1. Warm Up #2 • How does the soil of a grassland compare to the soil of a forest? Which is more prone to erosion? • What is compost? Give two reasons why it is beneficial to use it. • What do pesticides do? Why are they good, why are they bad?

2. Chapters 21 & 22 Farming, Food and Waste

3. Review • Plants = water, sun, soil • SOIL: Silt, Clay, Sand, Loam • Layers: O  A  B  C • Grasslands (good) vs. Deserts (medium) vs. Forests (poor) • Erosion

4. Erosion Revisited • Erosion – moving from one place to another • Wind and Water 3 Types • Sheet Erosion – thin layer taken off surface • Rill Erosion – water into soil & breaks down from inside • Gully Erosion – major rill erosion

5. Effects of Erosion • US and Canada • Desertification – productive land  desert • Rainforests, China • Water contamination • Algal Blooms • Fertilizers/soil = less oxygen • Mississippi River valley

6. Pesticides Pesticide – something that kills pests • Biocides – kill wide range of things • Herbicides – plants • Fungicides – fungi • Insecticides – insects

7. DDT is Good for You? DDT – famous pesticide (1940s to 1960s) • Variety of uses • Insects, homes, people Rachel Carson • Author of “Silent Spring” • DDT = toxic • Hawk eggs thinning • Biomagnification – conc. Increases up food chain

8. No…DDT actually sucks hardcore Why? • Doesn’t break down, toxic, long-lasting (like CFCs) • Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP’s) • Grasshopper Effect • Pesticides = Polar regions • Save the whales and the Inuit

9. Effects of Pesticides • Loss of pollinators • Honeybees & almonds • Pest resistance = new species (like the flu) • Pesticide Treadmill – pests resist pesticides = new pesticides required • Health problems • Farmers and consumers • Headaches, nausea, miscarriages, etc.

10. Warm Up #3 • Give two reasons why DDT resembles CFCs. • What is the pesticide treadmill, and why does it create problems for farmers and pollinators (bees)? • How can desertification happen in forest biomes? Why does it happen in forests and not grasslands?

11. Farming and Nitrogen

12. Types Organophosphates • Glyphosate (Roundup) – most used herbicide Organochlorines • DDT • Atrazine – formally most common herbicide InorganicPesticides • Sulfur (ancient times) Microbialagents – living organisms instead of pesticides (praying mantis)

13. Pesticide Alternatives • Go organic! – no pesticides! • Crop rotation – growing different crop in field each year • Pest-killing organisms (Indonesia) • Genetic engineered plants • Salad vacuum?

14. Going Organic..What That Means • Organic – pesticide-free, natural fertilizers, hormone free, no genetic mods. • Cows = ONLY eat organic • No steroids, growth hormones • Is it really organic? • China, India and WalMart • Why more expensive? • Local farmer’s markets

15. Farming Alternatives • CropRotation – different crops in field each year • Rotational Grazing – grazing in diff. parts of farm • Less desertification via erosion • ContourPlowing – plowing across hill • less H20 runoff • Terracing – growing crops on different levels • Rice paddies (Asia)

16. Other Strategies • Perennial Species – plants growing 2+ years • Preserves soil • Cover Crops – protect soil & replenish with N • Rye, clover • Mulch – protects soil from erosion

17. For Plants to Grow… • Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen • Photosynthesis, water, etc. • Nitrogen – amino acids • Phosphorus – cell membrane, ATP (energy) • Potassium – metabolism of plant 3 main components of FERTILIZER

18. The Power of Legumes • Crop rotation – farming diff. crops in diff. locations each year Legumes – alfalfa, peas, peanuts, beans, etc. • Nitrogen fixation = amazing • Symbiotic relationship w/bacteria in soil (rhizobia) • Replenish nitrogen-poor soil

19. Quick Quiz #2 • What does it mean to be organic? What are some of the standards of “organic” food? • What are the three main ingredients in fertilizer? What does each ingredient do? • Why is crop rotation important in pest control, and soil erosion control?

20. Quick Quiz #1 • What are the three main components of fertilizer, and what are their functions? • Why are legumes important to include in crop rotation? What about them allows them to have this property? • Draw a simplified version of the nitrogen cycle, being sure to include the names of the process along with the gasses.

21. Warm Up #4 • Why are legumes important to include in crop rotation? Give some legume examples. • What is fertilizer used for? What are the important components of fertilizer? • What can happen if there is too much nitrogen?

22. How Food is Made

23. The Nitrogen Cycle Simplified Nitrogen Fixation N2 NH4  NO3  N2 Ammonification Nitrification Denitrification Assimilation

24. Nitrogen Cycle • Nitrogen Fixation (N2) – gas N taken in by plants • Ammonification (N2NH4) – breaking down dead stuff/waste into N (toxic) • Nitrification (NH4NO3) – bacteria put oxygen in ammonium (less toxic) • Denitrification (NO3N2) – release N into atmos. • Assimilation (NO3NH4) – plants take N from soil

25. Why This Cycle Matters • Air = 75% Nitrogen • Why the sky is blue! • Plants need nitrogen • Growth and green color • Amino acids! (protein) • Too much nitrogen kills plants • Needs to be released into atmos.

26. Negative Impacts of N-Cycle Eutrophication – build up of nitrogen in soil / oceans • Less oxygen, kills plants & fish • Algal blooms • Increased toxicity of soil/oceans via erosion • Ammonia (Windex) • Water acidification via erosion • Kills fish

27. Review • Organic vs. Regular • Crop/Grazing Rotation = good for pests/soil • Compost • Fertilizer and N-cycle • Eutrophication and algal blooms

28. Green Revolution • Green Revolution – hybrid species of grains • Goal: more crop yields • Expensive – poor farmers can’t afford hybrid seeds • Hunger crisis solved?

29. Mutant Fruit! Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s) – food with changed DNA Improves crop yields • Disease, drought, etc. Pest-repellant • No pesticides needed Enriched with vitamins & minerals • Nutritious Oral vaccines • Developing countries

30. Creating the Mutants • Common Gene Mutations • Bt gene = insect killing gene • HT gene = herbicide (Roundup) tolerant gene

31. Safe? [Franken-foods] • New pests = possible • Expensive • Biodiversity Threatened • Bred vs. wild salmon • Possible health effects • Livestock deaths from eating GM foods. • Cancer?

32. Staple Carb. Crops • Rice • Wheat • Corn • Soybeans • Potatoes

33. High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) Corn-based sugar • natural Found in: • Sodas and Juices • Candy and Fast Food Same nutrition as sugar Surplus of corn = HFCS Obesity & diabetes connection • Obviously….

34. How Seafood is “Farmed” • Aquaculture – growing aquatic species in pens • Disrupts food chain, contaminates water (fish waste) • Herbivorous fish = good (China’s rice paddies)

35. Meat…a symbol of Wealth • Meat = expensive to produce • Cows, chickens, pigs need a lot of GRAINS • CAFO (confined animal feeding operation) – animals housed/fed (soy and corn) • Antibiotics in food

36. Where Things Get Real • Cut meat eating by 20% = MORE energy saved than EVERYONE driving Prius • Chicken “housing” • Too fat to move (KFC) • Foie Gras (Goose Liver) • A disease, not a delicacy • Cow calf housing = hutches • Less movement = more tender veal • Animal Cruelty? Uh, yeah…

37. Uplifting Videos: Kentucky Fried Cruelty with Pam Anderson • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sARewW_Po64&feature=related Foie Gras: A Disease not a Delicacy with Roger Moore • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=32815SIgq1A Super Cows • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nmkj5gq1cQU&feature=fvwp&NR=1

38. Warm Up #5 This is a Belgian Blue. This muscular cow has been made by generations of artificial insemination, in which breeding is incredibly selective; only the most muscular bulls (males) are allowed to breed with cows (females). They do this same practice with horses. • From a business standpoint, why do you think people would selectively breed cows? • From a moral standpoint, why would organizations like PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) take issue with this practice? • Where do you stand on this issue? Do you think breeding should be selective? Do you think it is different than selectively breeding humans? Why or why not?

39. Warm Up #6 • After watching the majority of Food Inc., did it change the way you view your food? Why? If not, why not? • There are less supermarkets in poorer urban areas in comparison to wealthier areas. Why do you think that is? • Why do you think famines happen? Give two reasons.

40. Hunger and Obesity

41. Food Inc.: Industrialized Farming Biodiversity Loss • Habitat destruction and pesticide runoff • Using only one type of seed instead of variety (Monsanto) Soil • Erosion, loss of fertility, water logging, desertification Air and Water Pollution • Greenhouse gas emissions (tractors, pesticide sprays) • Groundwater contamination (nitrogen, pesticides) • Eutrophication Human Health • Drinking water = nitrates • Bacteria contamination in meat (E.coli) - manure

42. Can Organic Feed us All? Old Belief: organic farming = more land required for same yields • Deforestation, 2 billion people die, etc. NOW • Organic = 20% less productive than industrial farming (Developed countries) • Far less pollution • Developing = same or more yields than current techniques WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE • Shift in gov’t subsidies & consumer attitude • Price of milk/water < Price of soda (ideal world) • Walmart and organic (corporate influence)

43. Supermarkets are NOT Evenly distributed… • Redlining – denying or increasing the costs of services to groups of people • Racial, religious, etc. • Supermarket redlining (Whole Foods) • Fast food and the poor • Bad calories = cheaper (gov’t subsidies) • Beverly vs. South Central

44. Environmental Racism Enviro. Racism – inequality linked to environmental factors • Waste facilities = poor areas • Oil rigs = poor, black areas • “Cancer Alley” • Supermarkets Food Inc. • Chicken and soy farmers vs. corporations (Smithfield & Monsanto) • Slaughterhouse = poor town

45. Population Growth Revisited • 1 century = 5 billion more people! • As of 2012 – 1 billion people = hungry • Hungry = < 2000 calories/day • How to feed them all??

46. Nutrition and Malnutrition Your body needs: • Carbs, fat, protein, vitamins, minerals, water • Malnutrition – nutritional imbalance • 3 billion people = malnourished • Developing countries = cheap grains (rice, corn)

47. Famine and Corruption • Famine – large-scale food shortage, starvation Causes: • Quakes, war, disease Corruption: • Price gouging, hoarding, economic turmoil

48. Diseases with Malnutrition • Goiter – lack of iodine • Enlarged thyroid gland • Anemia– lack of iron • Marasmus – not enough calories/protein • Thin/wasting away • Kwashiorkor – mostly starchy food diet • Discolored skin, bloated belly (liver failure)

49. Quick Quiz # 3 You are looking at two people, you are told one of them has goiter, while the other has kwashiorkor. • How can you tell which has which? Describe distinguishing features of each disease. • Why does each person have swelling in certain parts of their body? What can be done to fix this problem? • Why do famines occur? Why can it lead to corruption?

50. Skinny vs. Fat…how is this determined? • BMI (Body Mass Index) – proportion of height and weight • BMI = [weight (lbs) x 703 ÷ height (in)2] • <18 = underweight, 18-25 = healthy, 30+ = obese • Racist? • Obesity – Seriously overweight (64% of Amurrica) • Heart problems, diabetes, etc. • Developing vs. Developed countries