EOC Review

1. EOC Review

2. Scientific Method • Collaborate • Share info • Build upon other work

3. Accuracy • Accuracy is how close a measured value is to the actual (true) value. • Precision • Precision is how close the measured values are to each other.

4. Direct Relationship variable increases and other variable increases

5. Inverse Relationship variable increases and other variable decreases

6. Linear Relationship each unit change in the x variable will bring about the same change in the y variable

7. Non Linear

8. Percent Error • Difference between a measured value and a known value. • Used to report the difference between a measured or experimental value and a true or exact value.

9. 1000 g = 1 kg Kilo – 1000Centi – 1/100Milli – 1/1000

10. 44 ml X 1 L 1000ml

11. Organic Compounds • Compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen and usually oxygen • Frequently contains N, S, P

12. Organic Chemistry • C forms 4 bonds • H forms 1 bond • O forms 2 bonds • H is more plentiful than C because of the bonding • EX: CH4

13. Building Blocks of Organic Compounds • Carbohydrates: Glucose • Lipids: Fatty Acids and Glycerol • Proteins: Amino Acids • Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides

14. Enzymes • Specialized proteins that lower the activation energy required to make a reaction proceed

15. EA withoutenzyme EA withenzyme Reactants Net changein energy Energy Products Progress of the reaction • A protein catalyst called an enzyme • Can decrease the energy of activation needed to begin a reaction Figure 5.5B

17. Importance of Nutrient Cycling • It prevents wastes, which would cause problems, from accumulating. • It assures that the ecosystem will not run out of essential elements.

18. Carbon Cycle 1. Begin with a CO2. 2Photosynthesis 3. Food chains 4. Cell respiration

20. Phosphorus Cycle

21. Nitrogen Cycle

22. All organisms are made of roughly the same organic molecules in similar proportions • A measure of their dry weight is a rough measure of the energy they contain.

23. Biomass • A census of the population, multiplied by the weight of an average individual in it • Gives an estimate of the weight of the population.

25. Trophic level Secondaryconsumers Human meat-eaters Cattle Primaryconsumers Human vegetarians Corn Corn Producers 0 • A production pyramid explains why meat is a luxury for humans • A field of corn • Can support many more human vegetarians than meat-eaters Figure 37.14

26. Biomagnification • The increase of the concentration of a substance that occurs in the food chain. • Substances - pesticides or heavy metals • The substances become concentrated in tissues or internal organs because the substances are very slowly metabolized or excreted.

30. Only about 10% of the energy stored at each trophic level is available to the next level

32. Eutrophication • Occurs when a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients (phosphates and nitrates). • This increases amount of algae in water. • As the algae die/decompose, high levels of organic matter and the decomposing organisms deplete the oxygen from the water. • This causes the death of other organisms (fish).

34. Greenhouse Gases • Carbon Dioxide – fossil fuels, solid waste, trees • Methane – production and transportation of coal, natural gas, and oil • Nitrous Oxide – agricultural and industrial • Fluorinated gases – industrial, commercial, and household uses

35. Fossil Fuels • Fuels formed from remains of plants and animals • Ex: Natural gas, oil coal

36. Ozone Layer • Ozone - 0₃ - naturally occurring in the stratosphere • Ozone layer - Protects earth from ultra violet rays • CFC’s –– destroy ozone by releasing chlorine into the atmosphere

37. Atmospheric CO2 is reflecting heat back down to the planet’s surface. • Only by phasing out coal use, ending deforestation and reducing the use of other fossil fuels can the numbers be reversed.

38. Other Causes • Clear cutting of forests • Increased use of fossil fuels • Methane pollution

39. Deforestation • Removal of a forest/trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use • Trees may be cut down to be used or sold as fuel • Cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements. • Results in damage to habitat and loss of biodiversity. • It has adverse impacts on using of atmospheric CO2, causing a buildup.

40. Greenhouse Effect • Car in summer • Greenhouse gases absorb some the energy radiated from the earth and trap it in the atmosphere. • Human activities have INCREASED the amount of greenhouse gases

43. Animal: Heterotrophs – consume food • Plants: Autotrophs – make their own food • Fungus: Heterotrophs/ Decomposers – absorb food

44. Robert Hooke • Coined the name cell • Looked at cork cells under microscope

45. Organelles • Nucleus: Control center • ER: Transportation center • Rough ER: Helps make protein • Smooth ER: Breaks down toxins • Golgi: Packaging and shipping • Mitochondria: Power House, ATP • Vacuole: Store water nutrients and waste

46. Organelles • Lysosome: Recycling center • Cytoskeleton: Support and movement • Ribosomes: Makes protein • Cytoplasm: Bathes organelles

47. Organelles Plant Animal Centriole • Chloroplast • Cell Wall • Huge vacuole

48. Photosynthesis • Carbon Dioxide + Water  Glucose + Oxygen

49. Photosynthesis • Green plants and algae use the solar energy and molecules of CO2 into sugar/starch and 02. • CO2 + H20  C6H12O6 + O2

50. Photosynthesis Recap