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The Study of First Nations

The Study of First Nations. Key Terms. Aboriginal (Native): Descendant of Canada’s first inhabitants First Nation: a group of Native people who share the same culture and heritage

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The Study of First Nations

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  1. The Study of First Nations

  2. Key Terms • Aboriginal (Native): Descendant of Canada’s first inhabitants • First Nation: a group of Native people who share the same culture and heritage • Treaties: Official agreement between the federal government and First Nations whereby the Aboriginal peoples give up their land rights except for reserves

  3. The Treaty-Making Process • Canadian treaties date back to 1665 • Early years: small number of European explorers, fur traders, and settlers • As years followed, more Europeans arrived, the British government wanted to obtain control of the land used by Native groups • In exchange offered Native’s payment, an area of land (reserve) and goods

  4. Royal Proclamation of 1763 • Established TWO important principals • Land-ownership rights of the First Nations must be respected • If a First Nation did choose to give up land, it should receive a fair payment for it

  5. From 1780 to 1875 • Larger areas of Native land exchange for cash, goods and promises of fishing and hunting rights

  6. The Indian Act of 1876 • Government signed treaties with Native groups - required them to give up their lands – then told them to move to reserves • Received cash, goods and land rights to fish and hunt • Government gave gifts of flags and medals

  7. A broken promise… • Many treaties proved to be unfair • Words in treaties – didn’t understand what they were signing

  8. Government Control • Decided who “Indians” were • Make decisions on behalf of them • Decided how reserve lands were to be used • Did not have the right to vote in Federal elections until 1960

  9. What went wrong 

  10. Loss of Land and Economic Base • Enormous loss of land that occurred as a result of European settlement • Natives thought they had free access to land but treaties meant they had to give it up • Many reserves do not have rich fertile land, minerals, fish and animals

  11. Can stay on the reserve with family and friends but face a future of unemployment and poverty • Can move into the city for economic security but only by abandoning their own community

  12. Lack of Self-Government • Native peoples were given no right to govern themselves • Europeans came to Canada Native traditions were lost • Most damaging: sending Native children to residential schools • Wanted to assimilate them • Provincial and Federal laws and buildings

  13. Treaties Today • In recent years, the Canadian government came to realize that the Aboriginal people of Canada had been treated unfairly • Reviewing treaties in Court

  14. Two types of treaty settlements • Comprehensive treaties: areas where treaties were never signed • Have to deal with many issues: land ownership, government, fishing hunting, ect • Specific Claim: area where treaty exists • Can be made by First Nations who feel that their claim wasn’t fair

  15. Pg 177-182 Q: 2 & 3

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