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DEDUCTION vs INDUCTION

DEDUCTION vs INDUCTION . DEDUCTION: Theory-based inference Hypothesis-testing INDUCTION: Observation-based inference Theory building. Focus is on groups and similarities. NOMOTHETIC vs IDIOGRAPHIC RESEARCH. Nomothetic. Concerns general or universal statements or laws.

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DEDUCTION vs INDUCTION

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  1. DEDUCTION vs INDUCTION DEDUCTION: Theory-based inference Hypothesis-testing INDUCTION: Observation-based inference Theory building

  2. Focus is on groupsandsimilarities NOMOTHETIC vs IDIOGRAPHIC RESEARCH Nomothetic Concerns general or universal statements or laws

  3. Focus is on individualsanddifferences NOMOTHETIC vs IDIOGRAPHIC RESEARCH Idiographic Concerns things that are individual or unique

  4. An interview is a conversation with a purpose Dexter (1970) QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: INTERVIEWING

  5. PURPOSES OF INTERVIEWING Here and now constructions Reconstructions Projections Triangulation

  6. STRUCTURED vs UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEWSLincoln & Guba (1985) Structured interviews are used when the researcher knows what he or she does not know Unstructured interviews are used when the researcher does not know what he orshe does not know

  7. SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS Include fixed predetermined questions thatall participants are asked, but also askfollow-up questions as new issues ariseduring the interview

  8. ANALYSIS OF INTERVIEW DATAInductive hierarchical content analysis Verbatim transcriptions of interviews Familiarisation Establish unit of analysis (discrete quotes)

  9. “Training was just taking over my whole life,I was constantly injured, andmy coach would never give me a break”

  10. “Training was just taking over my whole life,I was constantly injured, andmy coach would never give me a break”

  11. 1 I’m not the sporty type 2 It would be too difficult at my age 3 I once broke my leg really badly, now it’s too painful to exercise 4 I’d be embarrassed among all those fit young things … 5 I can’t stand those crazy gym-mad types 6 Exercise is for young folk, not oldies like me 7 Every time I try exercising my knees play me up 8 I’ve never been into sports and all that 9 I think those fitness freaks are a bit weird 10 I’m too old to start now 11 Look at the size of me! People would laugh … 12 I don’t see myself as the sort of person who exercises 13 I’ve got too may old injuries to exercise now 14 I’d be afraid of showing myself up 15 Those fitness-fanatics drive me up the wall

  12. 1st order themes I’m not the sporty type I don’t see myself as the sort of person who exercises I’ve never been into sports and all that Notsportytype Antifitnessfanatics I can’t stand those crazy gym-mad types I think those fitness freaks are a bit weirdThose fitness-fanatics drive me up the wall I’d be embarrassed among all those fit young things … Look at the size of me! People would laugh … I’d be afraid of showing myself up Embarrassment I’m too old to start nowIt would be too difficult at my ageExercise is for young folk, not oldies like me Age I’ve got too may old injuries to exercise now Every time I try exercising my knees play me up I once broke my leg … now it’s too painful to exercise Disability 1.Identify first order (emergent) themes:Cluster quotes to unite quotes with similar meanings and separate quotes with different meanings

  13. 2nd order themes I’m not the sporty type I don’t see myself as the sort of person who exercises I’ve never been into sports and all that Notsportytype Antifitnessfanatics I can’t stand those crazy gym-mad types I think those fitness freaks are a bit weirdThose fitness-fanatics drive me up the wall Not belonging I’d be embarrassed among all those fit young things … Look at the size of me! People would laugh … I’d be afraid of showing myself up Embarrassment I’m too old to start nowIt would be too difficult at my ageExercise is for young folk, not oldies like me Age Personal limitations I’ve got too may old injuries to exercise now Every time I try exercising my knees play me up I once broke my leg … now it’s too painful to exercise Disability 2.Identify second order themes:Cluster first order themes to unite themes with similar meanings and separate themes with different meanings

  14. 3rd order themes I’m not the sporty type I don’t see myself as the sort of person who exercises I’ve never been into sports and all that Notsportytype Antifitnessfanatics I can’t stand those crazy gym-mad types I think those fitness freaks are a bit weirdThose fitness-fanatics drive me up the wall Not belonging I’d be embarrassed among all those fit young things … Look at the size of me! People would laugh … I’d be afraid of showing myself up Embarrassment Self-image I’m too old to start nowIt would be too difficult at my ageExercise is for young folk, not oldies like me Age Personal limitations I’ve got too may old injuries to exercise now Every time I try exercising my knees play me up I once broke my leg … now it’s too painful to exercise Disability 3.Identify higher order themes:Continue until possibilities for further clustering are exhausted

  15. Themes become moregeneral and moreinterpretative as theanalysis moves upward Each individual theme(regardless of its level)is inclusive Each theme within a givenlevel is mutually exclusive Higher level themes captureall or most lower level themes

  16. TRUSTWORTHINESS OF THE ANALYSIS Consensus validation: Researchers independently analyse the data and then discuss their results until they reach an agreement on its structure and interpretation

  17. TRUSTWORTHINESS OF THE ANALYSIS Post-construction checks Disinterested peer Member checking

  18. I just messed up my strategy right from the start I made the wrong decision in taking the lead so early I didn’t follow my race plan Bad tactics I didn’t really work hard enough in the training camp I just wasn’t as fit as I should have been I didn’t really work out a proper race plan in training Poor preparation I had a niggling hamstring problem I don’t think my stress fracture had fully healed I pulled a muscle in the heats Injury I went down with some sort of virus the day before It must have been something I ate in the VillageI had this sore throat … and just didn’t feel right Illness I just couldn’t sleep the night before It was so noisy in the Village, I never got enough sleep It was so hot … I never seemed to have any energy Fatigue I worried too much about what everyone would say if …. I just kept thinking ‘This is my last chance to win…’ The thought of not doing well just seemed to paralyse me Fear of failure I just knew I couldn’t beat the Africans in the race I lost it on the last lap when I … couldn’t catch the front runners When I saw the others make such fast … I just lost confidence Fear of the opposition

  19. Reality is ‘in here’ … My research findingsare a personal construction of how I view events … Whatsoever nature may be, or howsoever the quest for truth will turn out in the end, the events we face today are subject to as great a variety of constructions as our wits will enable us to contrive. George Kelly (1970)

  20. I just messed up my strategy right from the start I made the wrong decision in taking the lead so early I didn’t follow my race plan Bad tactics Poor Judgement I didn’t really work hard enough in the training camp I just wasn’t as fit as I should have been I didn’t really work out a proper race plan in training Poor preparation I had a niggling hamstring problem I don’t think my stress fracture had fully healed I pulled a muscle in the heats Injury I went down with some sort of virus the day before It must have been something I ate in the VillageI had this sore throat … and just didn’t feel right Illness Physical problems I just couldn’t sleep the night before It was so noisy in the Village, I never got enough sleep It was so hot … I never seemed to have any energy Fatigue I worried too much about what everyone would say if …. I just kept thinking ‘This is my last chance to win…’ The thought of not doing well just seemed to paralyse me Fear of failure Psychological issues I just knew I couldn’t beat the Africans in the race I lost it on the last lap when I … couldn’t catch the front runners When I saw the others make such fast … I just lost confidence Fear of the opposition

  21. I just messed up my strategy right from the start I made the wrong decision in taking the lead so early I didn’t follow my race plan Bad tactics Poor Judgement I didn’t really work hard enough in the training camp I just wasn’t as fit as I should have been I didn’t really work out a proper race plan in training Poor preparation I had a niggling hamstring problem I don’t think my stress fracture had fully healed I pulled a muscle in the heats Injury I went down with some sort of virus the day before It must have been something I ate in the VillageI had this sore throat … and just didn’t feel right Illness Physical problems Personal factors I just couldn’t sleep the night before It was so noisy in the Village, I never got enough sleep It was so hot … I never seemed to have any energy Fatigue I worried too much about what everyone would say if …. I just kept thinking ‘This is my last chance to win…’ The thought of not doing well just seemed to paralyse me Fear of failure Psychological issues I just knew I couldn’t beat the Africans in the race I lost it on the last lap when I … couldn’t catch the front runners When I saw the others make such fast … I just lost confidence Fear of the opposition

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