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Military Regimes

Military Regimes. of Central and South America. 1. How many military coups were there in The Americas between 1960 and 1963?. 10 Military Coups. 2. Originally, what was the purpose of a coup?. To remove corrupt civilian politicians or to restore order.

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Military Regimes

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  1. Military Regimes of Central and South America

  2. 1. How many military coups were there in The Americas between 1960 and 1963? 10 Military Coups

  3. 2. Originally, what was the purpose of a coup? To remove corrupt civilian politicians or to restore order

  4. 3. How did that change after Fidel Castro's coup in Cuba? The coup was to prevent Cuban-style revolutions and remove any communist sympathizers or insurgents

  5. 4. Give 5 tactics military coups used to pacify the public and stop insurgents? • Incarcerate, torture and assassinate insurgents • Eliminated safe havens in civilian landscape • Reduce legal and civil rights of public • Suspension of democracy • Control the media • Outlaw unions

  6. 5. Which army hunted down Che Guevara? When did they find and execute him? Tracked down in 1967 by a special forces unit of The Bolivian Army

  7. 6. While the Guerilla groups who fought the army were completely disorganized, who did the military think was behind the organization of these fractured groups? Moscow

  8. 7. Why did they think this? They believed Moscow wanted locations close to USA in order to place nuclear warheads within striking distance.

  9. 8. Why did all the Latin American military regimes act and look similar? • Senior officers, generals and colonels all attended the same Inter-American Military system colleges. • Taught the belief that “civilian governments cannot control revolutionary threats.”

  10. 9. How many regimes were in power in 1960? 10 Military Regimes

  11. 10. In many cases, what form of government eventually developed because of these regimes? Dictatorships

  12. 11. What did the military governments do to attract foreign investment? Lowered wages and outlawed unions

  13. 12. Who supported these regimes to avoid more Castro-Cuban style communist governments? The United States of America

  14. 13. What did they do to support these military governments? • American Presidential support • Provide military supplies • Gave counterinsurgency training

  15. Military Government in Brazil

  16. 1. Why did the middle and upper class not approve of Goulart? He initiated reforms to redistribute wealth

  17. 2. How many presidents did the Military install after the Coup of Goulart? 5 Presidents over 20 years

  18. 3. What term did Marshal CasteloBranco use to explain the corruption during his rule? “Manipulated Democracy”

  19. 4. Provide 4 anti-democratic tactics instigated by the Military in Brazil through 1967. • Ended election of state government and city mayors • Dissolved Congress • Suspended “Habeas Corpus” • Tightened censorship • Ended civil rights • Started Violent Oppression

  20. 5. In 1969, who was put in power and what was the governments opposition required to do in order to remain safe? General Emilia Medici • The opposition went underground and began urban guerilla warfare.

  21. 6. What did the government do in turn? • Attacked insurgents, their family and friends • Allowed private death squads to operate

  22. Brazil’s Economic Recovery

  23. 1. How much did Brazil's GDP increase in 1967 and over the next 5 years? 10 % Growth

  24. 2. What were the consequences of this increase? Unemployment increased for the poor The rich got richer and the poor remained stagnant

  25. End of Dictatorship

  26. 1. Who was responsible for ending the dictatorship rule? Ernesto Geisel Joao Figueiredo

  27. 2. Why did the military agree to allowing civilian rule once again? • Brazil was safe from revolution • Pressure on the government to return to civilian rule • Military Regime did not solve any of the the basic problems of poverty, illiteracy, poor healthcare, social class gaps and social injustice.

  28. The Military Regime in Argentina

  29. 1. Who returned from exile in 1973 to become president of Argentina? Juan Peron

  30. 2. Who was his vice president? His wife, Isabel Peron

  31. 3. Before his death and his wife's removal, what was happening in urban Argentina to facilitate a military coup? • Urban guerillas were kidnapping foreign businessmen for ransom • Foreign investors were scared off and economy collapsed

  32. 4. When did the military take charge of the country again? Spring 1976

  33. Process for National Reconstruction

  34. 1. How was the coup in Argentina different than the one in Brazil? The military took over the country from the start, not gradually.

  35. 2. Who were the three military men responsible for the reconstruction of Argentina? Jorge Videla, Orlando Agosti and Emilio Massera

  36. 3. What tactics were used to "steer the nation along the path of order and security"? • Military model imposed on court system • Opposition party was outlawed • Unions and elected assemblies dissolved • Constitution was ignored Admiral Massera

  37. Economic Policy

  38. 1. What happened to the economy and unemployment during this time? Similar to Brazil - standard of living declined, unemployment increased and government support dried up.

  39. The Dirty War

  40. 1. How many people disappeared during The Dirty War? ~ 30,000 (los desaparecidos – “the disappeared”)

  41. 2. How many camps were built by the government for torture and executions? Over 340 Camps and Torture Centers

  42. 3. Which guerilla group was responsible for a significant number of bombings against the military government? People’s Liberation Army

  43. 4. Which group brought international awareness to "the disappeared" in order for the government to release information about these victims and instigate charges against the perpetrators? • Mothers of the Disappeared

  44. The End of The Dictatorship

  45. 1. What are some of the factors which led to the end of the Argentinean dictatorship? • GNP fell by 11% • National debt increased • Unemployment and poverty flourished • Lost the Falkland War

  46. Military Regimes: An Assessment

  47. While the coups helped stop Communism in their countries, it did not solve many issues. Provide 5 of these issues that remained unchanged or worsened. • Gap grew between rich and poor • Women, minorities and common worker rights stagnated • Suspended democracy • Promoted violence and incarceration • Provided haven for other dictators and war criminals

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