By Patrizia Cella and Mirella Morrone (ISTAT- Italy) 21° Meeting of the Wiesbaden Group on BR-

1. An Empirical Analysis to investigate on High Growth definition Session 6A: Entrepreneurship indicators, Business Demography and SMEs By Patrizia Cella and Mirella Morrone (ISTAT- Italy) 21° Meeting of the Wiesbaden Group on BR- Roundtable on Business Survey Frames Paris, November 24-27, 2008

2. Outlines: 21th Meeting of Wiesbaden Group on BR – Roundtable on Business Survey Frames • Purposes • The Potential High Growth • The High Growth definition • Shift-share analysis • Performance Indicators • Conclusions Paris, November 26, 2008

3. Purposes: 21th Meeting of Wiesbaden Group on BR – Roundtable on Business Survey Frames The purpose of this work is to investigate on the definition of High Growth enterprises, described in the EUROSTAT-OECD Manual on Business Demography Statistics. In particular, various strategies for determining HG rates and their impacts on entrepreneurship are tested, especially with regards to wealth and employment creation contribution. For this purpose different sets of potential high-growth enterprises are compared in terms of employment and turnover. Paris, November 26, 2008

4. The Potential HG (1) 21th Meeting of Wiesbaden Group on BR – Roundtable on Business Survey Frames Definition: All enterprises that are actives in three consecutive years, excluding the enterprises born in the beginning of the observation period. In the year 2005 the Potential HG is: AA=N2002 ∩ N2003 ∩ N2004 ∩ N2005 Paris, November 26, 2008

5. 21th Meeting of Wiesbaden Group on BR – Roundtable on Business Survey Frames The Potential HG (2) Potential Population for HG Paris, November 26, 2008

6. 21th Meeting of Wiesbaden Group on BR – Roundtable on Business Survey Frames The Potential HG (3) Potential Population for HG Where: Entropy average (MH)= Paris, November 26, 2008

7. The HG definition (1) 21th Meeting of Wiesbaden Group on BR – Roundtable on Business Survey Frames Definition: All enterprises with average annualised growth greater than 20% per annum, over three year period should be considered as high-growth enterprises. Growth can be measured by the number of employees or by turnover Paris, November 26, 2008

8. The HG definition (2) 21th Meeting of Wiesbaden Group on BR – Roundtable on Business Survey Frames HG_rate = 9.1% What is the meaning of this high-growth rate? What is the impact that these high-growth enterprises are on the economy? Paris, November 26, 2008

9. The HG definition (3) 21th Meeting of Wiesbaden Group on BR – Roundtable on Business Survey Frames Contribution of high-growth enterprises by sectors of economic activity Paris, November 26, 2008

10. The HG definition (4) 21th Meeting of Wiesbaden Group on BR – Roundtable on Business Survey Frames Contribution of high-growth enterprises by sectors of economic activity Paris, November 26, 2008

11. Shift-share analysis (1) 21th Meeting of Wiesbaden Group on BR – Roundtable on Business Survey Frames Shift-share analysis permits to decompose employment or turnover growth into three components: 1) Trend Component 2) Industry Mix effect 3) Competitive effect CE (Competitive Effect) TC (Trend component) IM (Industry Mix Effect) Paris, November 26, 2008

12. Shift-share analysis (2) 21th Meeting of Wiesbaden Group on BR – Roundtable on Business Survey Frames Shift-share analysis was applied to 6 sub-population: 1)Other legal forms of enterprises with less than 10 employees 2) Limited liability company with less than 10 employees 3) Other legal forms of HG enterprises 4)Limited liability of HG enterprises 5)Other legal forms of enterprises with 10 or more employees that are not high growth 6) Limited liability company with 10 or more employees that are not high growth The shift-share analysis is applied both employment and turnover growth Paris, November 26, 2008

13. Shift-share analysis (3) 21th Meeting of Wiesbaden Group on BR – Roundtable on Business Survey Frames Components of employment growth, identified by shift-share analysis of 6 sub-populations Paris, November 26, 2008

14. Shift-share analysis (4) 21th Meeting of Wiesbaden Group on BR – Roundtable on Business Survey Frames Components of turnover growth, identified by shift-share analysis of 6 sub-populations Paris, November 26, 2008

15. Performance Indicators (1) 21th Meeting of Wiesbaden Group on BR – Roundtable on Business Survey Frames Four economic performance indicators from balance-sheet accounts are used as significant instruments to quantify the economic and financial performance of the HG enterprises 1) The turnover by persons employed 2) The value added by persons employed 3) The ROE (Return on Equity) 4) The ROS (Return on Sales) These four indicators are calculated only for the limited liability companies: 1) Limited liability company with less 10 employees 2) Limited liability of HG enterprises 3) Limited liability company with 10 or more employees that haven’t high growth Paris, November 26, 2008

16. Performance Indicators (2) 21th Meeting of Wiesbaden Group on BR – Roundtable on Business Survey Frames 1) The turnover by persons employed This indicator represents the most immediate measure of business output. It is calculated as ratio among the revenues of the sales and the number of persons employed Paris, November 26, 2008

17. Performance Indicators (3) 21th Meeting of Wiesbaden Group on BR – Roundtable on Business Survey Frames 2) The value-added by persons employed This indicator represents the “real” wealth created by the processes of production of goods and services that pay for all the production factors. It is calculated as ratio between the characteristic value added (the difference between the value of the production and the costs of subjects, services and enjoyment of goods) and the number of the persons employed Paris, November 26, 2008

18. Performance Indicators (4) 21th Meeting of Wiesbaden Group on BR – Roundtable on Business Survey Frames 3) The ROE(Return on Equity) This indicator representsthe productivity obtained by the proper capital in terms of profit. It expresses the return that a firm has had on the net property (that is the “inside” source of financing). It is calculated as ratio between the profits of exercise and the net property Paris, November 26, 2008

19. Performance Indicators (5) 21th Meeting of Wiesbaden Group on BR – Roundtable on Business Survey Frames 4) The ROS(Return on Sales) This indicator measures the profitability of the sales in terms of characteristic management. Is an indicator influenced by the sector in which the firm operates. It serves for measuring the return of the sales on the profits Paris, November 26, 2008

20. An Empirical Analysis to investigate on High Growth definition Conclusions: The analysis carried out in this work shows that the high growth are the enterprises with more performance than others, above all in terms of turnover. The performance economic indicators show that the high growth are the best in terms of profitability, especially in the sector of Industry less in the sector of services. The threshold of 10 employees according to which the high growth are identified, is too much restrictive for those sectors characterized by micro and small enterprises. To use a growth composite indicator (we are going to work on this issue) that take account of both the arithmetic average and the characteristic dimension of the economic activity sectors, would be desirable. Paris, November 26, 2008