Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1 Section 3 – Luther Starts Reformation

2. Section 3 – Luther Starts Reformation • Causes: • Problems in Catholics Church • Leaders were corrupt • Spent a lot of money on luxurious items (How did they get this money?) • Lower leaders in the church could barely read (So…how could they teach the word of the Bible?) • Lower clergy also married, drank alcohol and gambled • Earlier Reforms • 1390 – 1410, John Wycliffe of England and Jan Hus of Bohemia spurred a reform • Spread the message that the Pope did not have worldly power. • Also, Bible had more authority than church leaders. • Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More called out the church also

3. Section 3 – Luther Starts Reformation • Luther Challenges the Church • Luther started out small, but ended up being a leading figure of the Reformation around 1517 • He challenged Johann Tetzel for selling indulgences • Indulgences were free passes from performing religious rituals such as saying certain prayers, Hail Mary’s, religious works, etc. • A way to pay to get into Heaven • 95 Theses • Attacked the Friars that were selling indulgences • Posted his 95 Theses on a church door in Wittenberg, Germany • Someone took his 95 Theses to a printing press and word spread throughout Germany; thus, creating the Reformation

4. Section 3 – Luther Starts Reformation • Luther’s Ideas went beyond indulgences to actually attacking the church. His accusations were based on 3 critical ideas. • “People could win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness. The Church taught that faith and ‘good works’ were needed for salvation.” • “All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. The pope and church traditions were false authorities.” • “All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them.

5. Section 3 – Luther Starts Reformation • The Response to Luther • Threat by the Pope • 1520, Pope Leo X threatened to excommunicate Luther unless Luther took back his accusations. • Luther’s students through the Pope’s threat into a bonfire. • The Pope eventually excommunicated Luther • The Emperor’s Opposition • Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V summoned Luther to Worms to take back what he said. • Luther did not • Charles V issued the Edict of Worms which declared Luther an outlaw and heretic • It said that nobody in the empire was to give Luther food or shelter. • All of Luther’s books and testimonials were to be burned. • However, Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony gave Luther shelter in one of his castles where Luther translated the new testament into German • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5P7QkHCfaI • Luther returned to Wittenberg to witness his 95 Theses put into practice. • Priest dressed normal (Now called Ministers) • Led services in German instead of Latin • Some ministers got married • What did this lead to??? • No more reform in the Catholic Church, but a new religion; Lutheranism

6. Section 3 – Luther Starts Reformation • Peasants’ Revolt • Luther’s ideas not only applied to religion, but to society!!! • In 1524 German peasants demanded the end of serfdom and rioted for freedom. • What is serfdom? • This disgusted Luther and told the prince to address the situation violently and over 100,000 peasants were massacred • This led to a slight dip in Lutheranism, but Luther still obtained most of his congregation. • Germany at War • Many German princes supported Luther either spiritually or for selfishness • Some princes saw Luther’s teachings as an opportunity to seize land from the Catholic Church and Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. • In 1529 some German princes signed a petition supporting the Pope and scolding Luther. • The princes who followed Luther’s teachings protested against this petition and became know as Protestants (people of non-Catholic faith). • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sx_MCyxhTJs&feature=fvwrel • Determined to keep his empire devoutly Catholic, Charles V went to war with the Protestants in 1547 and won, but failed to turn them back into Catholics • Desperate, Charles V summoned both religions to the city of Augsburg in 1555. • At the meeting, German princes agreed that the religion of each German state was to be decided by the prince of that state • This famous religions compromise was known as the Peace of Augsburg

7. Section 3 – Luther Starts Reformation • England Becomes Protestant • Henry VIII Wants a Son • Initially, Henry was a devout Catholic, but things changed! • He needed a son, but his wife, Catherine of Aragon was getting older so he wanted his marriage annulled. • However, he needed good reason for it to be annulled. • In 1527, Henry asked Pope Leo X to annul the marriage and Pope Leo did not. Why? • The Reformation Parliament • So…Henry called Parliament into session in 1529 and asked parliament to pass a set of laws ending the Pope’s power in England • By 1533, Henry secretly married Anne Boleyn (In her twenties!) and by 1534 Henry broke away from the Pope when the Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy. • The Act of Supremacy recognized the English king as the official “head-honcho” of England’s Church • Consequences of Henry’s Changes • Henry became a “tomcat”! Married, divorced, and beheaded some wives. • Let’s look at the timeline on page 51

8. Section 3 – Luther Starts Reformation • Henry died in 1547 and all three of his children ruled which created inconsistencies with religion • 1st was Edward VI restored Protestantism at age 9. Do you thing he really ruled? • 2nd was Mary, Ed’s ½ sister who was Catholic and slaughter Protestants • 3rd was Anne Boleyn’s daughter, Elizabeth I who restored Protestantism.

9. Section 3 – Luther Starts Reformation • Elizabeth Restores Protestantism • Required ALL people to attend church or pay a fine – known as the Anglican Church of England • Sought many compromises among Catholics and Protestants, but still one unified church. • Spanish Armada • Catholic Philip II attacked England, but Elizabeth beat him back. • It cost quite a bit of money and sacrifice • This led to something, what did it lead to?