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Seminar Work – 01 Mar 2006 Presentation 5 J. Ramanand (ramanand@it.iitb.ac)

Seminar Work – 01 Mar 2006 Presentation 5 J. Ramanand (ramanand@it.iitb.ac.in). SUMO. SUMO: Suggested Upper Merged Ontology “Suggested” : IEEE working group to evolve a standard “upper ontology” “Upper Ontology”: An ontology that describes general concepts that are domain-independent

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Seminar Work – 01 Mar 2006 Presentation 5 J. Ramanand (ramanand@it.iitb.ac)

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  1. Seminar Work – 01 Mar 2006Presentation 5 J. Ramanand (ramanand@it.iitb.ac.in)

  2. SUMO • SUMO: Suggested Upper Merged Ontology • “Suggested”: IEEE working group to evolve a standard “upper ontology” • “Upper Ontology”: An ontology that describes general concepts that are domain-independent • Examples: An upper ontology would have high level entities such as “Animal” or “Country” or “GovernmentalOrganisation”. A domain (lower) ontology would have “Blackbuck” or “India” or “BMCC”

  3. Journey to a “Standard Upper Ontology” (SUO) Would help in design of new knowledge bases and databases Interoperability with other compliant systems Reuse/integration with legacy DBs provided a one-time mapping can be done to a standard ontology Interoperability of domain ontologies Motivation for SUMO

  4. SUMO - plumbing • Represented in KIF (Knowledge Interchange Format – a set of prefix predicate rules) • Started by merging existing upper ontologies: syntactic and semantic merging • Contains a set of entities or high level concepts • Root node: “Entity” • Hypernymy/Hyponymy tree structure • Axioms/Assertions express constraints (e.g. “An instance of the entity “Collections” must be non-empty”)

  5. Top-level SUMO Concepts - I Figure from “Online Presentation of an Upper Ontology” – Michal Sevcenko

  6. SUMO – top-level concepts - II • Physical: Position in time and space • Object • SelfConnectedObject – e.g. human • Collection – e.g. football team • Process – e.g. playing a match • Abstract: Everything not in Physical • SetClass: e.g. set of whole numbers • Proposition: semantic content, e.g.: “Art of captaincy” • Quantity: count, measurement e.g.: 22 yards • Attribute: qualities, properties e.g.: adjectives

  7. SUMO – WordNet mapping - I • Idea: Tag each synset with the corresponding SUMO concept(s) • Method (currently only for noun synsets): • look at the synset • identify a SUMO concept (that subsumes/is equivalent/is closely related) • Add the concept and a symbol to the synset

  8. SUMO – WordNet mapping - II • e.g. 1: Equivalent concepts • synset for '{plant, flora, plant_life}' tagged with '&%Plant=' • e.g. 2: Broader SUMO concept • synset for '{Panther}' tagged with '&%Animal+' • e.g. 2: Instance of a class of SUMO concept • synset for '{United Nations}' tagged with '&%Organisation@'

  9. Issues • Hand-crafted • Conflicts on what to be included and excluded, and on expression • Standard definition in progress

  10. Definitions: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Ontologies_%28computer_science%29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Upper_Ontology http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suggested_Upper_Merged_Ontology Papers: “Towards a Standard Upper Ontology” - Niles, Pease Online Presentation of an Upper Ontology - M. Sevcenko Linking Lexicons and Ontologies: Mapping WordNet to the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology. Sites: Ontology Portal References

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