Defining the Enabling Environment for HWTS using the IAD Framework

1. Defining the Enabling Environment for HWTS using the IAD Framework Edema Ojomo The Water Institute at UNC October 31, 2012 Water and Health Conference 2012

2. Outline • Background • Objectives • Methodology • Analysis using IAD Framework • Levels of capacity • Conclusion

3. Background • Approximately 800 million people lack access to improved drinking water sources1 • An even greater number lack access to “safe” water2,3 • Ideal solution? • Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (HWTS) an interim solution • Relevant to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) • HWT practiced for centuries • Some research has shown HWT to be efficacious in reducing microbial contamination and diarrhea • Not yet achieved scale Picture from Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate

4. Objectives Better understand how to scale up and sustain HWTS practices • Map enabling and obstructing factors to scaling up and sustaining HWTS practices • Define the enabling environment for HWTS Better understand what countries are “ready” for HWTS • Develop an assessment tool to determine the amenability of countries to HWTS

5. Methodology • Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework • Interviews, Focus group discussions and E-surveys • Literature Review • World Bank Doing Business methodology

6. Analysis using IAD Framework Frameworks • Help to identify different elements and the relationships among these elements relevant to understanding a problem • Help generate questions that can be easily ignored • Help reduce bias toward disproportional weighting of more readily available data • Help reduce bias associated with preconceptions of researchers Used the IAD framework to identify actors relevant to scaling up and sustaining HWTS practices

7. Analysis using IAD Framework Figure 1: Pictorial representation of IAD framework Start

8. Actor Identification How many types of people does it take to make a glass of water safe to drink, in a scenario of household water treatment, storage and proximity provision? Users Retailers/Wholesalers Government Manufacturers Donors Implementers (e.g. NGOs, PS etc.) Figure 2: Actors identified by 300in6 as being needed for making water safe in a scenario of HWTS

9. Cost recovery Policies regarding HWTS practices and products/technologies, including import regulations, standards, etc. Actor Identification (cont’d) Product advocacy/promotion Product sales Product development Investment in HWTS intervention HWTS practice advocacy Product Purchase Figure 3: Actions identified as vital to bringing effective HWTS products to users

10. Levels of Capacity The framework sheds some light into the complexity inherent in scaling up HWTS • Numerous actors • Significance of each of these actors varies • Several factors influence the decisions of these actors • Interaction among actors is complex

11. Levels of Capacity • Enabling Environment • describes the broader system within which individuals and organizations function and one that facilitates or hampers their existence and performance (UNDP, 2008). • Organizational/Intervention • describes the characteristics of the organization carrying out the intervention and/or the features of the intervention • Individual/Household • describes the target population and can either be an individual, household, or community

12. Levels of Capacity SUPPORT EnabLING ENVIRONMENT (A) (B) Are affected by policies and regulations set by (A) (C) Are affected by policies and subsidies set by (A) (A) Are affected by lobbying done by (B) (A) Are affected by demand for safe water by (C) (B) Are affected by demand and behaviors of (C) (C) Are affected by technology price and type provided by (B) ORGANIZATIONAL/INTERVENTION (B) INDIVIDUAL/HOUSEHOLD (C) PROVISION USE Figure 4: Relationship between the three levels relevant to scaling up and sustaining HWTS

13. Enabling Environment • Government advocacy for HWTS • Presence of policies and/or strategies • A “home” for HWTS • Partnerships and networks that define certain stakeholder relationships (e.g. PPP, networks for collaboration) • Certification of HWTS products and technologies • Import regulations concerning HWTS products/technologies

14. Organizational/Intervention • Partnerships with other organizations and communities • An effective supply chain and distribution network • Capacity building activities • Cost recovery options • Awareness raising activities • Choice of product/technology • Available resources • Integration of HWTS into other programs

15. Individual/Household • Financial ability to adopt HWTS practice • Preferences about technology type • Cultural belief about water/water treatment • Leaders advocating HWTS • Understanding of the relevance of HWTS • Perception of diarrhea • Aspirational products

16. Can the technology being promoted by your organization be produced locally? Assessment tool that takes all three levels into consideration No Yes Can the technology be imported into the country? (Take import barriers and regulations into consideration) No Do you plan on producing technology locally? Yes Yes Is there skilled labor available for manufacture (or will this capacity be developed)? Is there an effective and sustainable supply chain for technology and consumables after your organization leaves country/community? Yes No Is there a clear supply chain for technology and spare parts? No No Yes Yes No Conditions are not amenable for a sustainable HWTS intervention Conditions are not amenable for an HWTS intervention with the proposed technology Conditions are not amenable for a sustainable HWTS intervention with the proposed technology Conditions are amenable for a sustainable HWTS intervention with the proposed technology Conditions are amenable for a sustainable HWTS intervention Conditions are not amenable for the development of effective/quality HWTS technologyin country

17. Conclusion • Achieving successful scale-up and sustainability is a highly complex process • There is no silver bullet - the answer is intervention specific • However, this study highlighted the following important questions to consider when designing an intervention • What actors are relevant to your intervention? • What are their roles? • How do these actors interact? • What are the enabling environment features relevant to your intervention? • What intervention characteristics need to be modified to account for country/community context? • Who is the target population? What characteristics does this population have and how can these be managed?

18. THANK YOU Photo from WHO HWTS Following emergencies and disasters

19. References 1 WHO & UNICEF. (2012). Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: 2012 Update. USA: World Health Organization and UNICEF. 2 Bain, R. E., Gundry, S. W., Wright, J. A., Yang, H., Pedley, S., & Bartram, J. K. (2012). Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 228-235. 3 Onda, K., LoBuglio, J., & Bartram, J. (2012). Global Access to Safe Water: Accounting for Water Quality and the Resulting Impact on MDG Progress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 880-894. 4 UNDP (2008).”UNDP Practice Note: Capacity Development” New York, New York, USA