Welcome to Ancient Greece

1. Welcome to Ancient Greece Geography Religion Achievements Politics Economics Social Structures

2. 546 BC: Persian invasion and conquest of Greek territories through out Asia Minor 800-700 BC: Monarchies begin to be replaced by Aristocratic Republics 507 BC: Cleisthenes' democratic constitution. 621 BC: Draco's code of law - Athens. Archaic Period 800 BC - 500 BC 776 BC: Date of the first Olympic games. 600 BC:Coin currency introduced 566 BC:Panathenaic festivals established

3. 480 BCSecond Persian invasion of Greece, Spartans are defeated at Thermopylae, Athens is occupied by the Persians. The Persians are finally defeated at Salamis. 431 - 404 BCThe Peloponnesian War 404 BCAthens Surrenders to Sparta 490 BCFirst Persian invasion of Greece, the Battle of Marathon. The founding of the Delian League. 336-323 BCAlexander the Great’s reign Classical Period 500 - 330 BC 443 - 429 BCPericles is leader of Athens during the Golden Age About450 BC, Sophocles wins more awards for plays than any other playwright Massive public building program and constructionof Parthenon 411 BCRevolts in Athens 430 BCPlague in Athens

4. 200-196 BC: First Roman victories over Greece 146 BC: Corinth destroyed by Rome 323-148 BC:Greek City States remain relatively independent; however, warfare between rival leagues continues 86 BC: Athens sacked by Rome Hellenistic Period 330 - 30 BC About 300 BC: Euclid wrote The Elements About 200 BC: Winged Victory (Nike) created

5. Religion: Gods in our image • Polytheistic • Explained occurrences in Nature • Gods – human form, emotions, behaviors • Interfered in lives of mortals • Worship and sacrifices intended to keep gods happy for survival and prosperity www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/Rogerludlowe/crogerludlowe03/webquests/mythweb/Godspic.bmp

6. Family Tree of Greek Gods www.greekgodsyogurt.com/html/img/tree.jpg Read the Greek Creation Myth here and then return

7. AchievementsArts Three periods of art in Ancient Greece: • Archaic about 1000 BC – 450 BC • Simplest style, clean lines • Classical about 450 BC – 330 BC • More complex, more natural poses • Hellenistic about 330 BC – 30 BC • Most ornate of all, used more outside of Greece www.crystalinks.com/greekart.html

8. AchievementsArchitecture - Columns • Doric: earliest style, no decoration, plain squared tops • Ionic: middle style, narrower at top, curled on each side at top • Corinthian: last style, most ornate http://threes.com/cms/images/stories/history/greek.jpg

9. http://www.acropolis-greek-parthenon.com/ Achievements Architecture - Acropolis • The Acropolis hill – “Sacred Rock” – last line of defense in time of crisis • Fortified citadel on hill above city • Added to over time • Original buildings made of wood • Destroyed by fire and war and rebuilt

10. Achievements Architecture - Acropolis Then This link includes a visual timeline of the Acropolis http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Arts/Parthenon.htm

11. Achievements Architecture - Acropolis Now http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Arts/Parthenon.htm

12. Achievements: Architecture - Parthenon • Temple to Athena – patron of Athens • Columns are Doric and curve at top to create illusion • Dimensions created to house statue of Athena http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Arts/Parthenon.htm

13. AchievementsIn Math, Show Your Work • Geometry: • Euclid’s Elements • 13 Volumes • Each volume has definitions, postulates and then theorems • Every statement is proven, no matter how obvious • Includes circles, tangents, plane geometry, prime numbers, perfect numbers • Before Euclid any mathematician could have his own postulates • Euclid’s work helped standardize mathematics www.crystalinks.com/euclid.html http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euclid's_postulates.png

14. The Calf-Bearer http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Arts/Parthenon.htm Achievements Sculpture- Kouros • Archaic period • Statues not intended to represent individuals – represent an ideal • Kouroi always young men, standing nude • Depicts motion, one leg and/or one arm forward • Archaic smile

15. Nike, Winged Victory http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged_Victory_of_Samothrace Achievements Sculpture: Nike • Hellenistic period • White marble, represented prow of ship • Posed ready to “deliver shout of victory” • Noted for “naturalistic pose and rendering of figure’s draped garments, depicted as if rippling in strong sea breeze…”

16. Achievements Theater/Drama • Theater not purely for entertainment; part of state religious festival • Originally chorus of 12 men and one actor • 3 tragedians chosen to present 4 plays each as part of competition • “’tragedy’ refers to tragic drama: … in which a central character called a tragic hero suffers some serious misfortune which is not accidental and therefore meaningless, but is significant in that the misfortune is logically connected with the hero's actions. Tragedy stresses the vulnerability of human beings whose suffering is brought on by a combination of human and divine actions, but is generally undeserved with regard to its harshness. “ http://www.greektheatre.gr/constr.html http://picasaweb.google.com/shankar.nandini/AthensGreece#5211586780202029922 http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/netshots/tragedy.htm

17. Achievements Drama: Aeschylus • Aeschylus: first of the three most prize winning Greek playwrights • Also a soldier and actor • First to introduce second actor to plays; allowed for more characters to be introduced and greater variation in plot http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/drama/p/Aeschylus.htm http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Mythology/RM/OrestesMei.jpg

18. Achievements Drama: Sophocles • Sophocles earned about 20 awards for first place in dramatic competitions • Reduced the importance of the Chorus by adding a third actor • Invented skenographia (scene painting) to illustrate the background http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/drama/p/Sophocles.htm Oedipus gouges out his eyes after discovering the true nature of his crime. http://www.come-and-hear.com/editor/oedipus.jpg

19. Achievements Drama: Euripides • Last of the three Great Tragedians • Focused on mythological themes and heroes • First to write roles for strong female characters • First to introduce intrigue and comedy into plays http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/medeaeuripides/p/Euripides.htm http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article3504131.ece

20. Politics: Democracy • City-States – Poli • Monarchy • Warrior Aristocracies, often led by tyrant • Democracy (Please follow the following three links and return) • Draco’sCode of Laws • Solon’s reforms • Cleisthenes • First democracy about 500 BC • Assembly of male citizens www.crystalinks.com/greekcities.html

21. Draco’s Code of Laws Around 620 BC Draco, the lawgiver, wrote the first known written law of Ancient Greece. Draco was an Athenian lawgiver whose harsh legal code punished both trivial and serious crimes in Athens with death--hence the continued use of the word draconian to describe repressive legal measures. Today the word draconian means harsh or severe. Draco's laws were shockingly severe, so severe that they were said to have been written not in ink but in blood. Solon succeeded him in about 594 BC http://oghs.euhsd.k12.ca.us/staff/burtnowski/rise.htmlBack

22. Solon’ Reforms Solon's great contribution to the future good of Athens was his new code of laws. The first written code at Athens, that of Draco, was still in force.. Solon revised every statute except that on homicide and made Athenian law altogether more humane. His code, though supplemented and modified, remained the foundation of Athenian statute law until the end of the 5th century, and parts of it were embodied in the new codification made at that time http://oghs.euhsd.k12.ca.us/staff/burtnowski/rise.htmlBack

23. Economics: Living Wage • 5th and 4th centuries BC, Greece had most advanced economy in known world • Some historians believe it was the most advanced pre-industrial economy of its time • Average daily wage of Greek worker – about 12 kg of wheat • Average daily wage of Egyptian worker – about 3.75 kg of wheat during about same time www.wikipedia.org/wiki/ancientgreece

24. In Athens: Family ties did not confer social privileges Four social classes, based on wealth Earn more money, could change class Women and slaves could own property but had no political rights Slaves could earn freedom Publicly owned slaves In Sparta: Spartan kings came from one of two families All male citizens equal after completion of education Slaves had no power or status Helots – slaves who were captured in war, treated harshly Social: Changeable Social Status www.wikipedia.org/wiki/ancientgreece