Instructional Statements

1. Instructional Statements • Today, I will learn . . . • Identify changes in domestic (and foreign) policy during the Progressive Presidencies of Roosevelt (Taft, and Wilson). • I have learned it when I can . . . • recognize that key issues in third party platforms became focal points for the major political parties.

2. Essential Question • What were the domestic policies under President Theodore Roosevelt?

3. Theodore Roosevelt Domestic Policy: The Square Deal PowerPoint by Mr. Hataway Created 10.05.2009 Revised 09.23.2013

4. THEODORE ROOSEVELT (1858-1919) TWENTY-SIXTH PRESIDENT1901-1909: REPUBLICAN "I declined to adopt the view that what was imperatively necessary for the Nation could not be done by the President unless he could find some specific authorization to do it. My belief was that it was not only [a President's] right but his duty to do anything that the needs of the Nation demanded unless such action was forbidden by the Constitution or by the laws. . . . I did not usurp power, but I did greatly broaden the use of executive power. In other words, I acted for the public welfare..."

5. Theodore Roosevelt • President 1901-1909; Republican • Became President after assassination of Pres. McKinley. • The Square Deal: moderate reforms concerning regulating trusts, consumer protection, and conservation.

6. Regulating Industry • Elkins Act (1903) – outlawed railroad rebates • Shippers could demand rebates and threaten to take their business elsewhere. • Rebates were refunds to businesses which shipped large quantities on the railroads. • Railroad company disliked the practice.

7. Regulating Industry • Hepburn Act (1906) • Strengthened federal regulation of railroads. • Gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to set maximum rates.

8. PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT WAS INSTRUMENTAL IN EXTENDING THE POWER OF THE PRESIDENCY. HE COULD BE CALLED THE FIRST MODERN PRESIDENT. A MAJOR THRUST OF HIS PRESIDENCY WAS CONFRONTING THE TRUSTS (LARGE BUSINESS COMBINATIONS) THAT HAD COME TO DOMINATE THE AMERICAN BUSINESS WORLD. THE SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT HAD BEEN PASSED IN 1890 IN AN ATTEMPT TO CONTROL THE MOUNTING POWER OF TRUSTS. IN A BIZARRE TWIST IT HAD NEVER BEEN USED TO PROSECUTE A TRUST- ONLY LABOR UNIONS. TR SOUGHT TO IMPLEMENT THE LAW AS IT HAD BEEN INTENDED.

9. Regulating Industry • Sherman Anti-Trust Act • Prevented unfair practices such as monopolizing a market or colluding on prices. • TR distinguished good trusts from bad trusts. • Broke up Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company (1911).

10. “The Lion-Tamer” • This cartoon shows Roosevelt trying to tame the wild lions that symbolized the great and powerful companies of 1904. • As part of his Square Deal, President Roosevelt aggressively used the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 to attack big businesses engaging in unfair practices. His victory over his first target, the Northern Securities Company, earned him a reputation as a hard-hitting trustbuster committed to protecting the public interest.

11. “The Lion-Tamer” • What do the lions stand for? • Why are all the lions coming out of a door labeled “Wall St.”? • What do you think the cartoonist thinks about trustbusting? Cite details from the cartoon that support your interpretation.

12. Protecting Labor • Coal Miners’ Strike (1902) • Miners asked for higher wages, shorter workdays, and recognition of their union. • TR threatened to use federal troops to end the strike. • First labor strike in which federal government intervened as an arbitrator.

13. TR AND MINE WORKERS, 1902

14. Protecting Consumers • Meat Inspection Act (1906) • Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle exposed the unsanitary conditions in the meat industry. • Established federal regulation of meatpackers and a system of inspection.

15. PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT 1906 • The muckrakers successfully heightened public awareness of safety issues stemming from careless food preparation procedures and the increasing incidence of drug addiction from patent medicines. Scientific support came from Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, the Department of Agriculture's chief chemist, who published his findings on the widespread use of harmful preservatives in the meat-packing industry. • Public pressure forced a reluctant Congress to consider a Pure Food and Drug bill in 1906. Provisions of the measure included the following: • Creation of the Food and Drug Administration, which was entrusted with the responsibility of testing all foods and drugs destined for human consumption. • The requirement for prescriptions from licensed physicians before a patient could purchase certain drugs. • The requirement of label warnings on habit-forming drugs. AN ACT “for preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic therein, and for other purposes.”

16. Protecting Consumers • Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) • Prohibited the sale of contaminated or inaccurately labeled foods and medicines. • Purpose to protect the public against contaminated food and from products identified as healthful without scientific support.

17. EXAMPLES OF DECEPTIVE ADS

18. Conservation • TR believed the government was the chief guardian of the nation’s natural resources. • TR still believed that natural resources should be used responsibly.

19. WHY WAS A CONSERVATION MOVEMENT NEEDED? • Over-lumbering had drastically reduced forests throughout the country. Only 20 percent of the original woodlands remained in 1900. • Much of the nation’s farmland had been exhausted by overuse. • Extractive industries such as oil, gas, and minerals were uncontrolled and were damaging the environment at a rapid pace. • Water rights were increasingly coming under the control of private parties, who often operated without concern for flood control or the preservation of natural features.

20. Conservation • National Conservation Commission (1908) • Protect the nation’s natural resources • Drew attention to the need to conserve the nation’s forests, wildlife, and natural resources.

21. PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT AND CONSERVATION TR, AS AN OUTDOORSMAN HIMSELF, SAW HOW PEOPLE COULD DESTROY THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. HE MADE IT A PRIORITY OF HIS PRESIDENCY TO ADVANCE THE CAUSE OF PRESERVING THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE NATION FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS TR AND JOHN MUIR, FOUNDER OF THE SIERRA CLUB

22. Conservation • John Muir • “Father of the National Park System” • Naturalist and Conservationist • His writing convinced T.R. that he should protect millions of acres of lands that were being destroyed.

23. GIFFORD PINCHOT AMERICA'S FIRST PROFESSIONALLY TRAINED FORESTER, ROSE TO NATIONAL PROMINENCE AS A CONSERVATIONIST AND POLITICAL PROGRESSIVE UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF PRESIDENT THEODORE ROOSEVELT. FIRST CHIEF OF THE U.S. FOREST SERVICE. BORN TO GREAT WEALTH HE DEVOTED HIS LIFE TO PROGRESSIVE REFORM AND THE WISE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES. President Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot,Standing on Deck of Steamer Mississippi,1907.

24. Bull-Moose Party Candidate • Unhappy with his successor, ran against Taft for the Republican nomination. • When failed to capture the Republican nomination, bolted the party and created the Progressive Party.