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Chapter 10. Body Temperature, Heat, Fat, and Movement. Figure 10.1 The human temperature regulation system can increase or decrease body temperature.
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Chapter 10 Body Temperature, Heat, Fat, and Movement
Figure 10.1 The human temperature regulation system can increase or decrease body temperature.
Figure 10.2 Examples of resistance–temperature curve for three NTC thermistors, = 3000 ,3500 K, and 4000 K. R0 is the resistance at T0 = 298 K.
C1 and C2 are constants that depend on the thermocouple pair with T in kelvins Figure 10.3 The J type thermocouple is formed from copper and constantan.
Figure 10.4 An electronic thermometer uses a thermistor sensor probe.
Net flux of infrared radiation: A = effective body (target) area = Stefan-Boltzmann constant a = emissivity of surroundings (sensor) Tb = body temperature Ta = sensor temperature Figure 10.5 The infrared thermometer opens a shutter to expose the sensor to radiation from the ear.
Figure 10.6 In a gradient layer calorimeter, thermocouples measure the difference in temperature across the wall. Ventilating system and measurements not shown.
heat loss temperature change of the ventilating air air mass flow rate specific heat Figure 10.7 An air–flow calorimeter measures inlet and outlet temperatures, flows, and humidity.
Figure 10.8 The water flow calorimeter measures the inlet and outlet water temperature.
Figure 10.9 The compensating heater calorimeter requires less heater power when the subject supplies heat.
Figure 10.10 A microcomputer-based open-circuit system includes a mixing chamber, O2 and CO2 analyzers, and the various variables (pressure, flow, temperature) used to calculate .
Figure 10.11 A dilution system used by Deltatrac uses mechanical ventilation. FIO2 is the inspired oxygen concentration, FECO2 is the true expired carbon dioxide concentration, FEO2 is the expired oxygen concentration, and F*CO2 is the diluted carbon dioxide concentration.
Figure 10.12 A closed-circuit system uses the volumetric loss principle. The spirometer is used as an oxygen supply and the volume change as a function of time in the spirometer is used to calculate the rate of oxygen consumption.
2H2O deuterium water H218O oxygen-18 enriched water 18O labeled water and bicarbonate pools 2H labeled water pool 2H disappearance (k2) = rH2O 18O disappearance (k18) = rH2O + rCO2 k18 – k2 = rCO2 Figure 10.13 Principle of the doubly labeled water method. r is the production rate, W is the size of total body water, k represents rate constants determined from the experiment.
Figure 10.14 (a) Lange skinfold caliper used for assessing thickness of subcutaneous fat. (b) Illustration of an example of skinfold measurement, triceps skinfold taken on the midline posterior surface of the arm over the triceps muscle.
Figure 10.15 In resistance measurement on the ipsilateral side of the body current flows through one arm, the trunk, and one leg.
Figure 10.16 (a) A goniometer attached to the shank and thigh to measure knee rotation. Vi is the input voltage. Vout is the output voltage that is proportional to the angle of knee rotation. (b) Subject wearing a triaxial goniometer on knee joint.
Figure 10.17 Vertical acceleration of the accelerometer frame bends the cantilever beam because the seismic mass remains at rest. Voltage output (V) is proportional to the acceleration (a). E is the supply voltage.
Figure 10.18 An example of a gait analysis setup includes a four-camera kinematic system, two force platforms, and an electromyogram (EMG) telemetry system.
