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Chapter 4: Fingerprints

Chapter 4: Fingerprints. “Fingerprints can not lie, but liars can make fingerprints.” — Unknown. Fingerprints. Students will learn:. Why fingerprints are individual evidence. Students will be able to:. Fingerprints.

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Chapter 4: Fingerprints

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  1. Chapter 4: Fingerprints “Fingerprints can not lie, but liars can make fingerprints.” —Unknown

  2. Fingerprints Students will learn: • Why fingerprints are individual evidence. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  3. Students will be able to: Fingerprints • Define the three basic properties that allow individual identification by fingerprints. • Obtain an inked, readable fingerprint for each finger. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  4. Fingerprints • Recognize the general ridge patterns (loops, whorls, and arches) • Identify friction ridge characteristics and compare two fingerprints with at least ten points of identification. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  5. Fingerprints • Explain the differences among latent, plastic, and visible fingerprints. • Develop latent prints (make them visible) using physical and chemical methods. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  6. What is a fingerprint? • An imprint made by ridge patterns on the tip of a finger • Also used to describe the characteristic pattern of DNA fragments Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  7. Fingerprints Recording Prints: • Rolling inked prints • Primary identification number Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  8. Fingerprints Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  9. Fingerprints Lifting Prints • Black, white and fluorescent powder • Chemicals: ninhydrin, iodine, silver nitrate, cyanoacrylate Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  10. Fingerprints Other Types of Prints • Palm, lip, teeth, eye, ear, voice, shoe and footprints Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  11. DactyloscopyThe study of fingerprints Historically • William Herschel—required Indians to put their fingerprints on contracts, and also as a means of identifying prisoners • Henry Faulds—claimed that fingerprints did not change over time and that they could be classified for identification Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  12. DactyloscopyThe study of fingerprints • Alphonse Bertillon—proposed body measurements as a means of identification; termed anthropometry • Francis Galton—developed a primary classification scheme based on loops, arches and whorls. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  13. DactyloscopyThe study of fingerprints • Edward Richard Henry—in collaboration with Galton instituted a numerical classification system Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  14. DactyloscopyThe study of fingerprints • Juan Vucetich—developed a fingerprint classification based on Galton’s that is used in Spanish-speaking countries Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  15. Fundamental Principlesof Fingerprints • A fingerprint is an individual characteristic. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  16. Fundamental Principlesof Fingerprints • A fingerprint will remain unchanged during an individual’s lifetime. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  17. Fundamental Principlesof Fingerprints • Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  18. Ridge Characteristics Minutiae: • Characteristics of ridge patterns • The term used to define common micro features in a fingerprint. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  19. Ridge Characteristics Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  20. Ridge Characteristics • Ridge ending Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  21. Ridge Characteristics • Dot or fragment Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  22. Ridge Characteristics • Eye or Enclosure Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  23. Ridge Characteristics • Bifurcation: A splitting line. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  24. Ridge Characteristics • Bridge • Enclosure • Spur Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  25. Fingerprint Minutiae Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  26. Fingerprint Patterns Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  27. Arch - 5% 1. Has friction ridges that enter on one side of the finger and cross to the other side while rising upward in the middle. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  28. Arch - 5% 2. They do NOT have type lines, deltas, or cores. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  29. Arch - 5% Types • Plain • Tented Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  30. Arch - 5% Plain Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  31. Arch - 5% Tented Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  32. Loop – 65% 1.Must have one or more ridges entering and exiting from the same side. Loops must have one delta. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  33. Loop – 65% 2. Types • Radial: Opens toward the thumb • Ulnar: Opens toward the “pinky” (little finger) Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  34. Loop – 65% Ulnar Loop Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  35. Loop – 65% Radial Loop Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  36. Whorl – 30-35% 1.Types • Plain • Central Pocket • Double Loop • Accidental Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  37. Whorl – 30-35% 2. Whorls have at least two deltas and a core. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  38. Whorl – 30-35% 3. A plain or central pocket whorl has at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  39. Whorl – 30-35% 4. A double loop is made of two loops. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  40. Whorl – 30-35% 5. An accidental is a pattern not covered by other categories. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  41. Whorl – 30-35% Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  42. Identify the Pattern Tented Arch Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  43. Identify the Pattern Plain Whorl Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  44. Identify the Pattern Central Pocket Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  45. Primary Classification The Henry—FBI Classification: Each finger is given a point value Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  46. Primary Classification right left Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  47. Primary Classification Assign the number of points for each finger that has a whorl and substitute into the equation: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  48. Primary Classification right right left left left index ring thumb middle little + 1 right right right left left thumb middle little index ring +1 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  49. Primary Classification That number is your primary classification number Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  50. Comparison There are no legal requirements in the United States on the number of points. Generally, criminal courts will accept 8 to 12 points of similarity. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

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