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Chapter 4: Fingerprints

Dive into the world of fingerprints with this comprehensive guide that delves into the individuality and identification properties of fingerprints. From understanding ridge patterns to lifting prints using various methods, this resource equips students with the knowledge to analyze and compare fingerprints effectively. Discover the history of dactyloscopy and the contributions of key figures in fingerprint classification. Learn about fundamental principles, ridge characteristics, and different types of fingerprint patterns. Enhance your understanding of arches, loops, and whorls, and explore the intricate minutiae that define each fingerprint. Uncover the fascinating world of fingerprint analysis with this educational material.

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Chapter 4: Fingerprints

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  1. Chapter 4: Fingerprints “Fingerprints can not lie, but liars can make fingerprints.” —Unknown

  2. Fingerprints Students will learn: • Why fingerprints are individual evidence. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  3. Students will be able to: Fingerprints • Define the three basic properties that allow individual identification by fingerprints. • Obtain an inked, readable fingerprint for each finger. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  4. Fingerprints • Recognize the general ridge patterns (loops, whorls, and arches) • Identify friction ridge characteristics and compare two fingerprints with at least ten points of identification. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  5. Fingerprints • Explain the differences among latent, plastic, and visible fingerprints. • Develop latent prints (make them visible) using physical and chemical methods. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  6. What is a fingerprint? • An imprint made by ridge patterns on the tip of a finger • Also used to describe the characteristic pattern of DNA fragments Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  7. Fingerprints Recording Prints: • Rolling inked prints • Primary identification number Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  8. Fingerprints Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  9. Fingerprints Lifting Prints • Black, white and fluorescent powder • Chemicals: ninhydrin, iodine, silver nitrate, cyanoacrylate Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  10. Fingerprints Other Types of Prints • Palm, lip, teeth, eye, ear, voice, shoe and footprints Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  11. DactyloscopyThe study of fingerprints Historically • William Herschel—required Indians to put their fingerprints on contracts, and also as a means of identifying prisoners • Henry Faulds—claimed that fingerprints did not change over time and that they could be classified for identification Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  12. DactyloscopyThe study of fingerprints • Alphonse Bertillon—proposed body measurements as a means of identification; termed anthropometry • Francis Galton—developed a primary classification scheme based on loops, arches and whorls. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  13. DactyloscopyThe study of fingerprints • Edward Richard Henry—in collaboration with Galton instituted a numerical classification system Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  14. DactyloscopyThe study of fingerprints • Juan Vucetich—developed a fingerprint classification based on Galton’s that is used in Spanish-speaking countries Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  15. Fundamental Principlesof Fingerprints • A fingerprint is an individual characteristic. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  16. Fundamental Principlesof Fingerprints • A fingerprint will remain unchanged during an individual’s lifetime. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  17. Fundamental Principlesof Fingerprints • Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  18. Ridge Characteristics Minutiae: • Characteristics of ridge patterns • The term used to define common micro features in a fingerprint. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  19. Ridge Characteristics Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  20. Ridge Characteristics • Ridge ending Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  21. Ridge Characteristics • Dot or fragment Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  22. Ridge Characteristics • Eye or Enclosure Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  23. Ridge Characteristics • Bifurcation: A splitting line. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  24. Ridge Characteristics • Bridge • Enclosure • Spur Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  25. Fingerprint Minutiae Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  26. Fingerprint Patterns Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  27. Arch - 5% 1. Has friction ridges that enter on one side of the finger and cross to the other side while rising upward in the middle. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  28. Arch - 5% 2. They do NOT have type lines, deltas, or cores. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  29. Arch - 5% Types • Plain • Tented Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  30. Arch - 5% Plain Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  31. Arch - 5% Tented Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  32. Loop – 65% 1.Must have one or more ridges entering and exiting from the same side. Loops must have one delta. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  33. Loop – 65% 2. Types • Radial: Opens toward the thumb • Ulnar: Opens toward the “pinky” (little finger) Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  34. Loop – 65% Ulnar Loop Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  35. Loop – 65% Radial Loop Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  36. Whorl – 30-35% 1.Types • Plain • Central Pocket • Double Loop • Accidental Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  37. Whorl – 30-35% 2. Whorls have at least two deltas and a core. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  38. Whorl – 30-35% 3. A plain or central pocket whorl has at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  39. Whorl – 30-35% 4. A double loop is made of two loops. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  40. Whorl – 30-35% 5. An accidental is a pattern not covered by other categories. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  41. Whorl – 30-35% Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  42. Identify the Pattern Tented Arch Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  43. Identify the Pattern Plain Whorl Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  44. Identify the Pattern Central Pocket Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  45. Primary Classification The Henry—FBI Classification: Each finger is given a point value Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  46. Primary Classification right left Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  47. Primary Classification Assign the number of points for each finger that has a whorl and substitute into the equation: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  48. Primary Classification right right left left left index ring thumb middle little + 1 right right right left left thumb middle little index ring +1 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  49. Primary Classification That number is your primary classification number Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

  50. Comparison There are no legal requirements in the United States on the number of points. Generally, criminal courts will accept 8 to 12 points of similarity. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

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