Unit 6: Forensic Anatomy :

1. Unit 6: Forensic Anatomy:

2. Fingerprints Fingerprint evidence is one of the most positive investigative means of identifying people.

3. DactyloscopyThe study of fingerprints Historically • William Herschel—required Indians to put their fingerprints on contracts, and also as a means of identifying prisoners • Henry Faulds—claimed that fingerprints did not change over time and that they could be classified for identification • Alphonse Bertillon—proposed body measurements as a means of identification; termed anthropometry • Francis Galton—developed a primary classification scheme based on loops, arches and whorls. • Edward Richard Henry—in collaboration with Galton instituted a numerical classification system • Juan Vucetich—developed a fingerprint classification based on Galton’s that is used in Spanish-speaking countries

4. Fundamental Principlesof Fingerprints • A fingerprint is an individual characteristic. (formed before birth) • A fingerprint will remain unchanged during an individual’s lifetime.(different even on identical twins) • Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified.

5. Principles of fingerprints • 1. fingerprints are unique • 2. Fingerprints do not change with age • Fingerprints displace unique patterns

6. Al Copone • : tried to hid his fingerprints by dissolving his finger tips in acid.

7. Ridge Characteristics Minutiae—characteristics of ridge patterns • Ridge ending • Short ridge • Dot or fragment • Bifurcation • Double bifurcation • Trifurcation • Bridge • Island • Enclosure • Spur

8. Examples of ridge characteristics used in point-by-point comparisons: Bifurcation: The point at which one ridge forks out into two separate ridges Ridge ending: The point at which a ridge ends Short ridge: A small, short ridge which looks similar to an island Enclosure: An area completely enclosed by ridges Basic structures of fingerprints

9. Fingerprint Minutiae

10. Structure of the skin Fingerprints are records of the raised surface of the papillary layer of skin

11. Loop - one or more ridges enters one side, curves and exits same side Radial Loop - opens towards the thumb Ulnar loop - opens towards the little finger Left Loop Fingerprints Have General Ridge Patterns That Permit Them to be Systematically Classified: Loops, Whorls & Arches

12. Right Loop

13. Loop • A loop must have one or more ridges entering and exiting from the same side. Loops must have one delta. • Types • Radial—opens toward the thumb • Ulnar—opens toward the “pinky” (little finger) • Which type of loop is this, if it is on the right hand? Left hand?

14. Whorl - forms a revolution around the center Plain Whorl - one or more ridges form a complete revolution around the center; have two or more deltas Central Pocket Loop - variation of the plain whorl; some ridges tend to form a loop pattern which recurves and surrounds a whorl in the center Double Loop (twinned loop) - another type of whorl; two separate loop formations surround each other Whorls

15. Whorl • A plain or central pocket whorl has at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit. A double loop is made of two loops. An accidental is a pattern not covered by other categories. Whorls have at least two deltas and a core. • Types • Plain • Central Pocket • Double Loop • Accidental

16. Arch - one or more ridges enters one side, rise to a wave, and exits the opposite side Plain Arch - smooth curved wave in the center; exits smoothly on the opposite side Tented Arch - variation of plain arch in which the ridges at the center are thrust upward in a more abrupt manner Arch Arch

17. All fingerprints can be classified into three general groups: loops (60-65%), whorls (30-35%) and arches (5%). These form the basis for all ten-finger classification systems currently in use. Tented Arch Arches cont.

18. Arch An arch has friction ridges that enter on one side of the finger and cross to the other side while rising upward in the middle. They do NOT have type lines, deltas, or cores. Types • Plain • Tented

19. Primary Classification The Henry—FBI Classification Each finger is given a point value based on whorl patterns right left

20. Primary Classification Assign the number of points for each finger that has a whorl and substitute into the equation: right right left left left index ring thumb middle little + 1 = right right right left left thumb middle little index ring +1 That number is your primary classification number

21. Comparison There are no legal requirements in the United States on the number of points. Generally, criminal courts will accept 8 to 12 points of similarity.

22. Methods of detecting fingerprints: • The method used depends on the type of print and the type of surface the print is found on • 1. Light enhanced: used oblique lighting or a laser to see hidden prints • 2. Powder: black is still the most common • 3. Iodine fuming: oldest development used on porous material ex paper

23. 4. Ninhydrin: used on porous surfaces, can be used for developing prints as old as 15yrs. Development is sprayed on and develops overnight • 5. Physical developers: ex silver nitrate, used on surfaces that had previously been wet • 6. Superglue fuming: cyanoacrulate fumes, preserves the print

24. Laser Light Without Chemical Treatment

25. Latent Prints • Latent fingerprints are those that are not visible to the naked eye. These prints consist of the natural secretions of human skin and require development for them to become visible. • Most secretions come from three glands: • Eccrine—largely water with both inorganic (ammonia, chlorides, metal ions, phosphates) and organic compounds (amino acids, lactic acids, urea, sugars). Most important for fingerprints. • Apocrine—secrete pheromones and other organic materials. • Sebaceous—secrete fatty or greasy substances.

26. Developing Latent Prints • Developing a print requires substances that interact with secretions that cause the print to stand out against its background. It may be necessary to attempt more than one technique, done in a particular order so as not to destroy the print. • Powders—adhere to both water and fatty deposits. Choose a color to contrast the background. • Iodine—fumes react with oils and fats to produce a temporary yellow brown reaction.

27. Developing Latent Prints • Ninhydrin—reacts with amino acids to produce a purple color. • Silver nitrate—reacts with chloride to form silver chloride, a material which turns gray when exposed to light. • Cyanoacrylate—“super glue” fumes react with water and other fingerprint constituents to form a hard, whitish deposit. In modern labs and criminal investigations, lasers and alternative light sources are used to view latent fingerprints. These were first used by the FBI in 1978. Since lasers can damage the retina of the eye, special precautions must be taken.

28. First thing to do after visualizing a fingerprint First photograph the print, then you can lift it

31. Iodine Fingerprint

32. Ninhydrin Fingerprint

33. The Super Glue Method of developing latent fingerprints

34. Cyanoacrylate Fingerprints

35. Other Prints • Ears—shape, length and width • Voice—electronic pulses measured on a spectrograph • Foot—size of foot and toes; friction ridges on the foot • Shoes—can be compared and identified by type of shoe, brand, size, year of purchase, and wear pattern.

36. Other Prints Footprints are taken at birth as a means of identification of infants.

37. Other Prints Lips—display several common patterns • Short vertical lines • Short horizontal lines • Crosshatching • Branching grooves

38. A More Recent Crime A bank robber was startled by an alarm just as the teller handed her the money. She grabbed it and in her haste to get away, ran smack dab into a glass door. Nevertheless, she recovered and got away. Subsequent examination of the door revealed a red lipstick imprint of the perpetrator’s mouth. Later police picked up a suspect, but needed evidence to link her to the robbery. http://www.hbo.com/autopsy/episode/episode_6_the_telltale_imprint.html

39. Lip Prints Lip prints are different and can be used to identify suspects. There are several general patterns:

40. Lip Prints What happened? Of several suspects, one was identified by matching his lip print to that on the bank door. The lipstick used by the suspect could also have been compared to the residue on the door. How?

41. Chromatography of Lipsticks Thin layer chromatograph (TLC) can be used to separate the components of a lipstick. The chromatograms can then be compared for a match.

42. Other Prints Teeth—bite marks are unique and can be used to identify suspects. These imprints were placed in gum and could be matched to crime scene evidence.

43. Visible prints • Print left behind by either leaving the ridge impression or removing dust in a pattern defined by your print • A fingerprint embedded in soft material is called a plastic print

44. Other Prints The blood vessel patterns in the eye may be unique to individuals. They are used today for various security purposes.

45. :Human Remains “There is a brief but very informative biography of an individual contained within the skeleton, if you know how to read it…” —Clyde Snow, Forensic Anthropologist

47. Forensic anthropologists apply standard scientific techniques developed in physical anthropology to identify human remains, and to assist in the detection of crime. Forensic anthropologists frequently work in conjunction with forensic pathologists, odontologists, and homicide investigators to identify a decedent, the manner of death, and/or the postmortem interval. In addition to assisting in locating and recovering suspicious remains, forensic anthropologists work to suggest the age, sex, ancestry, stature, and unique features of a decedent from the skeleton.

48. forensic anthropologists The identification of skeletal, badly decomposed, or otherwise unidentified human remains is important for both legal and humanitarian reasons. Forensic anthropologists frequently work in conjunction with forensic pathologists, odontologists, and homicide investigators to identify a decedent, the manner of death, and/or the postmortem interval. , forensic anthropologists work to suggest the age, sex, ancestry, stature, and unique features of a decedent from the skeleton.

49. ThePathologist • Determines the time of death. This can be done most accurately if the body is found within the first 24 hours of death • Uses certain indicators such as algor, livor and rigor mortis.

50. Rigor Mortis The rigidity of skeletal muscles after death. Temperature Stiffness Approximate Time of body of body Since Death • Warm • Warm • Cold • Cold • Not stiff • Stiff • Stiff • Not stiff • Not dead more than 3 hrs • Dead between 3 and 8 hrs • Dead 8 to 30 hours • Dead more than 30 hours