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BUA 651 Financial Management

BUA 651 Financial Management. CHAPTER 1 Overview of Financial Management and the Financial Environment. Financial management Forms of business organization Objective of the firm: Maximize wealth Determinants of stock pricing The financial environment

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BUA 651 Financial Management

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  1. BUA 651 Financial Management

  2. CHAPTER 1Overview of Financial Management and the Financial Environment • Financial management • Forms of business organization • Objective of the firm: Maximize wealth • Determinants of stock pricing • The financial environment • Financial instruments, markets and institutions • Interest rates and yield curves

  3. Why is corporate finance important to all managers? • Corporate finance provides the skills managers need to: • Identify and select the corporate strategies and individual projects that add value to their firm. • Forecast the funding requirements of their company, and devise strategies for acquiring those funds.

  4. What are some forms of business organization a company might have as it evolves from a start-up to a major corporation? • Sole proprietorship • Partnership • Corporation

  5. Starting as a Sole Proprietorship • Advantages: • Ease of formation • Subject to few regulations • No corporate income taxes • Disadvantages: • Limited life • Unlimited liability • Difficult to raise capital to support growth

  6. Starting as or Growing into a Partnership • A partnership has roughly the same advantages and disadvantages as a sole proprietorship.

  7. Becoming a Corporation • A corporation is a legal entity separate from its owners and managers. • File papers of incorporation with state. • Charter • Bylaws

  8. Advantages and Disadvantages of a Corporation • Advantages: • Unlimited life • Easy transfer of ownership • Limited liability • Ease of raising capital • Disadvantages: • Double taxation • Cost of set-up and report filing

  9. Consumer welfare is higher in capitalist free market economies than in communist or socialist economies. • Fortune lists the most admired firms. In addition to high stock returns, these firms have: • high quality from customers’ view • employees who like working there

  10. Becoming a Public Corporation and Growing Afterwards • Initial Public Offering (IPO) of Stock • Raises cash • Allows founders and pre-IPO investors to “harvest” some of their wealth • Subsequent issues of debt and equity • Agency problem: managers may act in their own interests and not on behalf of owners (stockholders) • Netscape IPO case (pg 250 casebook)

  11. What should management’s primary objective be? • The primary objective should be shareholder wealth maximization, which translates to maximizing stock price. • Should firms behave ethically? YES. • Do firms have any responsibilities to society at large? YES. Shareholders are also members of society. • Role of government?

  12. Financial Goals of the Corporation • The primary financial goal is shareholder wealth maximization, which translates to maximizing stock price. • Do firms have any responsibilities to society (safety, pollution, antitrust- price gouging,fair hiring) at large? (DSEFX [ETF=KLD-show how to locate], SPX, VICEX – 3yrs) • Priced out of mkt • Shunned by investors • Social objectives have to be mandated – role of Govt • Is stock price maximization good or bad for society (efficient production, new technology,new jobs)?

  13. Is maximizing stock price good for society, employees, and customers? • Employment growth is higher in firms that try to maximize stock price. On average, employment goes up in: • firms that make managers into owners (such as LBO firms) • firms that were owned by the government but that have been sold to private investors

  14. Agency relationships • An agency relationship exists whenever a principal hires an agent to act on their behalf. • Within a corporation, agency relationships exist between: • Shareholders and managers • Shareholders and creditors

  15. Shareholders versus Managers • Managers are naturally inclined to act in their own best interests (ICC). • But the following factors affect managerial behavior: • Managerial compensation plans • Direct intervention by shareholders (free rider problem – Satellite Dish example) • The threat of firing • The threat of takeover (poison pills, greenmail)

  16. What three aspects of cash flows affect an investment’s value? • Amount of expected cash flows (bigger is better) • Timing of the cash flow stream (sooner is better) • Risk of the cash flows (less risk is better)

  17. What are “free cash flows (FCF)” • Free cash flows are the cash flows that are: • Available (or free) for distribution • To all investors (stockholders and creditors) • After paying current expenses, taxes, and making the investments necessary for growth.

  18. Is stock price maximization the same as profit maximization (Rev-Cost)?* Ford goes up when workers laid off. • No, despite a generally high correlation amongst stock price, EPS, and cash flow. • Current stock price relies upon current earnings, as well as future earnings and cash flow. • Some actions may cause an increase in earnings, yet cause the stock price to decrease – risk impact (and vice versa).

  19. What are financial assets? • A financial asset is a contract that entitles the owner to some type of payoff. • Debt • Equity • Derivatives • In general, each financial asset involves two parties, a provider of cash (i.e., capital) and a user of cash.

  20. What are some financial instruments? InstrumentRate (April 2003) U.S. T-bills 1.14% Banker’s acceptances 1.22 Commercial paper 1.21 Negotiable CDs 1.24 Eurodollar deposits 1.23 Commercial loans Tied to prime (4.25%) or LIBOR (1.29%) (More . .)

  21. Financial Instruments (Continued) Instrument Rate (April 2003) U.S. T-notes and T-bonds 5.04% Mortgages 5.57 Municipal bonds 4.84 Corporate (AAA) bonds 5.91 Preferred stocks 6 to 9% Common stocks (expected) 9 to 15%

  22. Who are the providers (savers) and users (borrowers) of capital? • Households: Net savers • Non-financial corporations: Net users (borrowers) • Governments: Net borrowers • Financial corporations: Slightly net borrowers, but almost breakeven

  23. What are three ways that capital is transferred between savers and borrowers? • Direct transfer (e.g., corporation issues commercial paper to insurance company) • Through an investment banking house (e.g., IPO, seasoned equity offering, or debt placement) • Through a financial intermediary (e.g., individual deposits money in bank, bank makes commercial loan to a company)

  24. What are some financial intermediaries? • Commercial banks • Savings & Loans, mutual savings banks, and credit unions • Life insurance companies • Mutual funds • Pension funds

  25. Examples: Top 5 Banking Companiesin the World, 12/2001

  26. What are some types of markets? • A market is a method of exchanging one asset (usually cash) for another asset. • Physical assets vs. financial assets (Destruction) • Spot versus future markets • Money (cd’s, cash, t-bills , < 1 yr) versus capital markets (lt debt and stocks) (Duration) • Primary (IPO) versus secondary markets (NYSE)

  27. Financial Mkts -> • Money Mkts ->Debt and Money market instruments (T bills, 10K FV, no state taxes, up to 6 months) ** Low risk does not risk free Risk = f(liquidity, interest rate risk, inflation risk, default risk, callability) – Show table (T-1-1-pp 14, Riskiness) 2.Capital Markets • T notes/bonds and Corp Bonds • Common stock • Preferred stock • Derivative securities

  28. How are secondary markets organized? • By “location” • Physical location exchanges • Computer/telephone networks • By the way that orders from buyers and sellers are matched • Open outcry auction • Dealers (i.e., market makers) • Electronic communications networks (ECNs)

  29. Physical Location vs. Computer/Telephone Networks • Physical location exchanges: e.g., NYSE, AMEX, CBOT, Tokyo Stock Exchange • Computer/telephone: e.g., Nasdaq, government bond markets, foreign exchange markets

  30. Auction Markets • NYSE and AMEX are the two largest auction markets for stocks. • NYSE is a modified auction, with a “specialist.” • Participants have a seat on the exchange, meet face-to-face, and place orders for themselves or for their clients; e.g., CBOT. • Market orders vs. limit orders

  31. Dealer Markets • “Dealers” keep an inventory of the stock (or other financial asset) and place bid and ask “advertisements,” which are prices at which they are willing to buy and sell. • Computerized quotation system keeps track of bid and ask prices, but does not automatically match buyers and sellers. • Examples: Nasdaq National Market, Nasdaq SmallCap Market, London SEAQ, German Neuer Markt.

  32. Electronic Communications Networks (ECNs) • ECNs: • Computerized system matches orders from buyers and sellers and automatically executes transaction. • Examples: Instinet (US, stocks), Eurex (Swiss-German, futures contracts), SETS (London, stocks).

  33. Over the Counter (OTC) Markets • In the old days, securities were kept in a safe behind the counter, and passed “over the counter” when they were sold. • Now the OTC market is the equivalent of a computer bulletin board, which allows potential buyers and sellers to post an offer. • No dealers • Very poor liquidity

  34. What do we call the price, or cost, of debt capital? (the price for uncertainty). The interest rate • What do we call the price, or cost, of equity capital? Required Dividend Capital return yield gain = + .

  35. What four factors affect the cost of money? • Production opportunities • Time preferences for consumption • Risk • Expected inflation

  36. = Real risk-free rate. T-bond rate if no inflation; 1% to 4%. = Any nominal rate. = Quoted Rate on Treasury securities. = r* + IP (on ST Treasuries) r* r rRF Real versus Nominal Rates

  37. r = r* + IP + DRP + LP + MRP.r = rf + DRP + LP + MRP. • k = k* + IP + DRP + LP + MRP • k = nominal return on a debt security • k* = real risk-free rate of interest: changes over time depending on economic conditions [range of 1 to 5 percent] • IP = inflation premium: equal to the average expected (not past) inflation rate of the life of the security • DRP = default risk premium: the difference between the interest rate on a U.S. Treasury bond and a corporate bond of equal maturity and marketability • LP = liquidity premium: charged for assets that cannot be converted into cash on short notice at a reasonable price • MRP = maturity risk premium: increases as bond maturity increases – due to int. rate risk – reinvestment rate risk ~1.3%/year over past 80 years Pg 30 footnote

  38. Premiums Added to r* for Different Types of Debt • ST Treasury: only IP for ST inflation • LT Treasury: IP for LT inflation, MRP • ST corporate: ST IP, DRP, LP • LT corporate: IP, DRP, MRP, LP

  39. Premiums added to k* for different types of debt

  40. What is the “term structure of interest rates”? What is a “yield curve”? • Term structure: the relationship between interest rates (or yields) and maturities. • A graph of the term structure is called the yield curve.

  41. How can you construct a hypothetical Treasury yield curve? • Estimate the inflation premium (IP) for each future year. This is the estimated average inflation over that time period. • Step 2: Estimate the maturity risk premium (MRP) for each future year.

  42. Assume investors expect inflation to be 5% next year, 6% the following year, and 8% per year thereafter. Step 1: Find the average expected inflation rate over years 1 to n: n INFLt t = 1 n IPn = .

  43. IP1 = 5%/1.0 = 5.00%. IP10 = [5 + 6 + 8(8)]/10 = 7.5%. [{(1+r1)*…*(1+r10)}^ (1/10) ] -1 =7.495% Pg 28 footnote IP20 = [5 + 6 + 8(18)]/20 = 7.75%. Must earn these IPs to break even versus inflation; that is, these IPs would permit you to earn r* (before taxes).

  44. Step 2: Find MRP based on this equation: Assume the MRP is zero for Year 1 and increases by 0.1% each year. MRPt = 0.1%(t - 1). MRP1 = 0.1% x 0 = 0.0%. MRP10 = 0.1% x 9 = 0.9%. MRP20 = 0.1% x 19 = 1.9%.

  45. Step 3: Add the IPs and MRPs to r*: rRFt = r* + IPt + MRPt . rRF = Quoted market interest rate on treasury securities. Assume r* = 3%: rRF1 = 3% + 5% + 0.0% = 8.0%. rRF10 = 3% + 7.5% + 0.9% = 11.4%. rRF20 = 3% + 7.75% + 1.9% = 12.65%.

  46. Hypothetical Treasury Yield Curve Interest Rate (%) 1 yr 8.0% 10 yr 11.4% 20 yr 12.65% 15 Maturity risk premium 10 Inflation premium 5 Years to Maturity Pg 32 Real risk-free rate 0 1 20 10

  47. What factors can explain the shape of this yield curve? • This constructed yield curve is upward sloping. • This is due to increasing expected inflation and an increasing maturity risk premium.

  48. What kind of relationship exists between the Treasury yield curve and the yield curves for corporate issues? • Corporate yield curves are higher than that of the Treasury bond. However, corporate yield curves are not neces-sarily parallel to the Treasury curve. • The spread between a corporate yield curve and the Treasury curve widens as the corporate bond rating decreases (DRP factor).

  49. BB-Rated AAA-Rated Hypothetical Treasury and Corporate Yield Curves Interest Rate (%) 15 10 Treasury yield curve 6.0% 5.9% 5 5.2% Years to maturity 0 0 1 5 10 15 20

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