China's Communist Revolution: From Imperialism to Mao's Leadership

1. CHINA The Communist Revolution

2. Remember . . .1800s IMPERIALISM IN CHINA: • China was manipulated by foreigners • had raw materials that foreigners wanted – silk, porcelain, tea • What was the war fought in China for the British to get control?

3. *Opium War 1839 – Foreign control of China • Treaty of Nanjing 1842 • Foreign powers gain extraterritorial rights – exemption from Chinese law in certain port cities • China divived into spheres of influence

4. Early Nationalism • * Boxer Rebellion 1890 • Society of the Harmonious Fist – called Boxers • Multinational force of 20,000 troops put down the rebellion

5. *1912 • *Sun Yixian and Kuomingtang overthrow the last emperor of China • New Republic of China. Sun is the “father of modern China”

6. Major Problems • Peasants suffered under the warlords • Poverty & famine • World War I – *dates • China joined the Allies • Why?

7. JIANG JIESHI (Chiang Kai-shek) • 1925: Sun died & *Jiang becomes leader of the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party)

8. COMMUNIST PARTY IN CHINA • Intellectuals meet at universities to discuss Marx’s revolutionary beliefs & form the Chinese Communist Party(CCP) • *Mao Zedong as one of the founders of Chinese Comm. Party • Used Bolsheviks & Lenin as an example of revolutionary change

9. MAO’S COMMUNISM • Mao believed the PEASANTS would be the revolutionaries • His thoughts on revolution – Maoism (Mao’s twist on Marxism) • Mao *gathered support from the peasants and *dividing the land among peasants

10. CIVIL WAR IN CHINA

11. CIVIL WAR IN CHINA • *1930, Nationalists vs. Communists in a CIVIL WAR • Communists establish themselves in the countryside, gathered more peasant support, & trained them in guerrilla warfare • Jiang’s Nationalists unable to drive the Communists out completely • 1933: 700,000 Nationalists surround the Communists (6:1)

12. *The Long March-1933-34 • *Communists flee • Long March was a *6,000 mile journey which lasted one year • 100,000 people fled on the march • only 10,000 survived

13. *1937 Japan invades China. Civil war on hold • *1939-1945 WWII • *1945-1949 Civil war continues • *1949 Mao Zedong controls China • China split • PRC (Mao) supported by Soviet Union • Taiwan (Nationalist) supported by U.S.

14. CULT OF MAO • Mao became a god-like figure • Honored for his success in the Long March • Pictures & statues were displayed throughout China – propaganda • His sayings & speeches were published in The Quotations of Chairman Mao (or called Mao’s Little Red Book) • An unofficial requirement to own, read & carry it

15. *1953-1957 • *Mao’s first Five Year Plan • *Targets for industry: increase output of coal, electricity, cement, steel • *Peasants were forced to join collective farms (entire villages working their land together)

16. * Great Leap Forward * • The goal was to industrialize and increase agricultural production • *In 1958 - 1961 : set up Communes (several villages working together) • People worked in groups with a common agricultural goal to meet for the government • Had much stricter government control – forced what to make & how much • *No private ownership

17. Problems with the Great Leap • *Family structure was destroyed (lived in dorms by gender & communal nurseries for children) • All were paid the same & had the same living situation, regardless of the work effort • Problem: *There is no incentive to work hard • Poor planning • *Result: Famine (poor planning, crop failures)

18. The Great Famine • Great Leap Forward resulted in the death of 20 million people – largest in history • *1958-1961 crop failures, floods, droughts

19. * Cultural Revolution * • *1966-1976 • 1966: urged students to “learn revolution by making revolution” • *The Red Guard was formed lead uprising • *Goal: establish society of peasants and workers (all equal)

20. Cultural Rev. • *Intellectuals and artists were considered useless & dangerous to the revolution • The heroes were people that worked with their hands – peasants • *Shut down colleges & schools & killed anyone who seemed to have special privileges or who resisted Mao’s ideas • *Use of violence (like Stalin, Robespierre) • Result: chaos.

21. CHINA After Mao 1977 and beyond

22. DENG XIAOPING • *Mao died in 1976 • *Deng Xiaoping becomes leader • Reformer (like Gorbachev)

23. Four Modernizations • Deng was willing to use some *capitalist ideas to improve China’s economy • *Four Modernizations 1978 – set of economic reforms with the goals to progress in agriculture, industry, defense, and science & technology

24. Four Modernizations:Land Reform • *Deng eliminated communes • *Rented land to farmers • Farmers could sell other crops for profit • Food production increased 50% during 1978-1984

25. Four Modernizations:Industry • *Small private businesses were allowed to operate

26. HONG KONG • Became a colony of the Britain in the Treaty of Nanjing, 1842 (after the First Opium War) • Was a thriving trade center • *July 1, 1997: Hong Kong returned to China

27. UNDER DENG XIAOPING • Tiananmen Square Massacre • Family Planning Policy a.k.a. One-Child Policy

28. Tiananmen Square Massacre • Western democratic political ideas spread & students began to question China’s lack of political rights • *1989: 100,000 college students protested for greater freedoms & democracy in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square • *Influence of Western ideas

29. Many students also began hunger strikes • Deng ordered thousands of army troops & tanks to end the protest • 3,000 students refused to leave • The army fired on the crowd • Killed hundreds, wounded thousands • Clearly showed Deng was in control

31. Tiananmen Square • *Uprising crushed, people massacred • *Further censorship, restriction on freedom of the press • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4woMuFZAx88 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0oV5DwIDZo

32. Family Planning Policy*(One-Child Policy)1979

33. China’s Population Campaign One-Child Policy as a means to a “rich life” Rule changed in 2016