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CIRCULATION

CIRCULATION. CIRCULATION. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ASSOCIATES INTIMATELY WITH ALL BODY TISSUES CIRCULATORY SYSTEM A SYSTEM OF INTERNAL TRANSPORT; TRANSPORTS OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE, DISTRIBUTES NUTRIENTS TO BODY CELLS, AND CONVEYS THE WASTE PRODUCTS OF METABOLISM TO SPECIFIC SITES FOR DISPOSAL.

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CIRCULATION

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  1. CIRCULATION

  2. CIRCULATION • THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ASSOCIATES INTIMATELY WITH ALL BODY TISSUES • CIRCULATORY SYSTEM • A SYSTEM OF INTERNAL TRANSPORT; TRANSPORTS OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE, DISTRIBUTES NUTRIENTS TO BODY CELLS, AND CONVEYS THE WASTE PRODUCTS OF METABOLISM TO SPECIFIC SITES FOR DISPOSAL

  3. CIRCULATION • SEVERAL TYPES OF INTERNAL TRANSPORT HAVE EVOLVED IN ANIMALS • SIMPLE ANIMALS HAVE NO TRUE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (WHY DON’T THEY NEED ONE??) • EX. HYDRA • BLOOD • SPECIALIZED CIRCULATORY FLUID FOUND IN MORE COMPLEX ANIMALS • TWO BASIC TYPES OF SYSTEMS • OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM • CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

  4. CIRCULATION • TWO BASIC TYPES OF SYSTEMS

  5. CIRCULATION • TWO BASIC TYPES OF SYSTEMS • OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM • BLOOD LEAVES THE VESSELS AND BATH THE CELLS DIRECTLY (EX. GRASSHOPPER) • CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (A.K.A. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM) • CONSISTS OF A HEART AND TUBE-LIKE VESSELS; THE BLOOD IS ALWAYS CONFINED TO THESE VESSELS (EX. FISH, HUMANS)

  6. CIRCULATION • CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM • THREE KINDS OF VESSELS • ARTERIES • CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART • ARTERIOLES  SMALL VESSELS, OFF ARTERIES, THAT GIVE RISE TO CAPILLARIES • VEINS • CARRY BLOOD TO THE HEART • VENULES  RESULT OF CONVERGING CAPILLARIES THAT EVENTUALLY FORM VEINS • CAPILLARIES • CONVEY BLOOD BETWEEN ARTERIES AND VEINS WITHIN EACH ORGAN • CAPILLARY BEDS  NETWORKS OF CAPILLARIES THAT INFILTRATE EVERY ORGAN AND TISSUE IN THE BODY

  7. CIRCULATION • VERTEBRATE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS REFLECT EVOLUTION

  8. CIRCULATION • VERTEBRATE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS • PULMONARY CIRCUIT • CARRIES BLOOD BETWEEN THE HEART AND THE GAS EXCHANGE TISSUES IN THE LUNGS • SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT • CARRIES BLOOD BETWEEN THE HEART AND THE REST OF THE BODY

  9. CIRCULATION • HUMAN HEART AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TYPIFY THOSE OF MAMMALS

  10. CIRCULATION • FOLLOWING THE PATH OF BLOOD • RIGHT VENTRICLE • *PULMONARY ARTERIES* • CAPILLARIES IN LUNGS • *PULMONARY VEIN* • LEFT ATRIUM • LEFT VENTRICLE • AORTA • ARTERIES BRANCH OFF AORTA • SUPERIOR VENA CAVA / INFERIOR VENA CAVA • RIGHT ATRIUM • *VAVA L VAVA*

  11. CIRCULATION • THE STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS FITS THEIR FUNCTION • ARTERIES • THICKEST • VEINS • VALVES • CAPILLARIES • THINNEST

  12. CIRCULATION • THE HEART CONTRACTS AND RELAXES RHYTHMICALLY • CARDIAC CYCLE • A COMPLETE SEQUENCE OF FILLING AND PUMPING OF THE HEART • DIASTOLE • ENTIRE HEART IS RELAXED; BLOODFLOWS INTO ALL FOUR CHAMBERS • AV VALVES ARE OPEN,ALLOWING BLOOD TO GOFROM ATRIUM TO VENTRICLES • SYSTOLE • BRIEF CONTRACTION THAT FORCESALL BLOOD INTO VENTRICLES (0.1 SEC) • VENTRICLES CONTRACT FOR ABOUT0.3 SEC, CLOSING AV VALVES AND OPENINGSEMI-LUNAR VALVES WHICH PUMPS BLOOD INTO ARTERIES

  13. CIRCULATION • THE HEART CONTRACTS AND RELAXES RHYTHMICALLY • CARDIAC OUTPUT • THE VOLUME OF BLOOD PERMINUTE THAT THE LEFTVENTRICLE PUMPS INTO THESYSTEMIC CIRCUIT • VALVES PREVENT BACKFLOWAND KEEP BLOOD FLOWINGIN RIGHT DIRECTION • RESPONSIBLE FOR “LUB-DUB”SOUND HEART MAKES • WHEN DEFECTIVE, RESULTS INA MURMUR • EXTRA HEART SOUNDS

  14. CIRCULATION • THE PACEMAKER SETS THE TEMPO OF THE HEARTBEAT

  15. CIRCULATION • THE PACEMAKER SETS THE TEMPO OF THE HEARTBEAT • PACEMAKER  A.K.A. SA (SINOATRIAL) NODE; SPECIALIZED REGION OF CARDIAC MUSCLE THAT MAINTAINS THE HEARTS PUMPING RHYTHYM BY SETTING THE RATE AT WHICH ALL THE MUSCLE CELLS OF THE HEART CONTRACT • PACEMAKER GENERATES ELECTRICAL SIGNALS • SIGNALS SPREAD THROUGHOUT ATRIA; 0.1 SEC TO REACH AV (ATRIOVENTRICULAR) NODE • SPECIALIZED MUSCLE FIBERS RELAY SIGNALS AND CAUSE VENTRICLE CONTRACTION THAT PUMPS BLOOD • ARTIFICIAL PACEMAKER • A TINY ELECTRONIC DEVICE SURGICALLY IMPLANTED NEAR THE AV NODE; EMIT ELECTRICAL SIGNALS THAT TRIGGER NORMAL HEARTBEATS

  16. CIRCULATION • WHAT IS A HEART ATTACK? • HEART ATTACK • FAILURE OF THE HEART TO FUNCTION PROPERLY; DUE TO LACK OF OXYGEN BEING DELIVERED TO CARDIAC CELLS • CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE • DISEASES OF HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS; ACCOUNTS FOR 40% OF ALL DEATHS IN U.S. • ATHERIOSCLEROSIS • GROWTH OF PLAQUE DEVELOPS ON THE INNER WALLS OF THE ARTERIES, NARROWING THE PASSAGES THROUGH WHICH BLOOD CAN FLOW

  17. CIRCULATION • BLOOD EXERTS PRESSURE ON VESSEL WALLS • BLOOD PRESSURE • THE FORCE THAT BLOOD EXERTS AGAINST THE WALLS OF OUR BLOOD VESSELS • PULSE • THE RHYTHMIC STRETCHING OFTHE ARTERIES

  18. CIRCULATION • MEASURING BLOOD PRESSURE CAN REVEAL CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS • HYPERTENSION • HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE; MAY INDICATE A SEVERE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

  19. CIRCULATION • SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTROLS THE DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD • SPHINCTERS EXIST THAT LIMIT BLOOD FLOW THROUGH CAPILLARY BEDS IF BLOOD IS NOT NEEDED IN THOSE AREAS (EX. DIGESTIVE TRACT DURING EXERCISE)

  20. CIRCULATION • CAPILLARIES ALLOW THE TRANSFER OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH THEIR WALLS • THE THIN WALLS MAKE THIS THE ONLY VESSEL WHERE TRANSFER OF SUBSTANCES CAN TAKE PLACE

  21. CIRCULATION • BLOOD CONSISTS OF CELLS SUSPENDED IN PLASMA

  22. CIRCULATION • BLOOD CONSISTS OF CELLS SUSPENDED IN PLASMA • ADULT HUMAN ON AVERAGE HAS 4 – 6 LITERS OF BLOOD • 4 PARTS TO BLOOD • PLASMA • RED BLOOD CELLS • WHITE BLOOD CELLS • PLATELETS

  23. CIRCULATION • PLASMA • LIQUID MADE UP OF 90% WATER, 10% INORGANIC SALTS • 55% OF BLOOD IS PLASMA • WORKS TO MAINTAIN OSMOTIC BALANCE AND PH

  24. CIRCULATION • RED BLOOD CELLS • A.K.A. ERYTHROCYTES • MOST NUMEROUS BLOOD CELLS • LACK NUCLEI AND MITOCHONDRIA • FORMED IN BONE MARROW • CYCLE FOR 3-4 MONTHS BEFORE BROKEN DOWN AND RECYCLED IN THE LIVER • *ANEMIA* • AN ABNORMALLY LOW AMOUNT OF HEMOGLOBIN OR A LOW NUMBER OF RED BLOOD CELLS

  25. CIRCULATION • WHITE BLOOD CELLS • A.K.A. LEUKOCYTES • HELP DEFEND THE BODY • 5 TYPES • BASOPHILS • RELEASE CHEMICALS TO FIGHT INFECTION • NEUTROPHILS • PHAGOCYTES • MONOCYTES • PHAGOCYTES • EOSINOPHILS • KILL PARASITIC WORMS, HELP REDUCE ALLERGIES; NOT FULLY UNDERSTAND • LYMPHOCYTES • KEY CELL IN IMMUNITY • WILL DISCUSS IN MORE DETAIL DURING “IMMUNE SYSTEM”

  26. CIRCULATION • PLATELETS • BITS OF CYTOPLASM PINCHED OFF FROM LARGE CELLS IN THE BONE MARROW • IMPORTANT IN BLOOD CLOTTING

  27. CIRCULATION • BLOOD CLOTTING • PLATELETS AND THE PLASMA PROTEIN FIBRINOGEN ACT AS SEALANTS • PROTHROMBIN IS CONVERTED TO THROMBIN WHICH CONVERTS FIBRINOGEN TO FIBRIN • FIBRIN • THREAD-LIKE PROTEIN THAT TRAPS BLOOD CELLS; FORMING PATCH UNTIL CONNECTIVE TISSUE CAN HEAL • CLOTTING MECHANISM DEFECTS CAN BE SERIOUS • HEMOPHILIA • THROMBOSIS CLOTS WHEN THERE IS NO INJURY

  28. CIRCULATION • STEM CELLS OFFER A POTENTIAL CURE FOR LEUKEMIA AND OTHER BLOOD CELL DISEASES • STEM CELLS • UNSPECIALIZED CELLS • LEUKEMIA • CANCER OF THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)

  29. CIRCULATION • SPEAKING OF DISEASES…HOW DOES THE HUMAN BODY PROTECT ITSELF?? • THE IMMUNESYSTEM IS NEXT!!!

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