Chapter 11: A World of States Victoria Alapo, Instructor Geog 1010

1. Introduction to GeographyPeople, Places, and Environment, 4eEdward F. BergmanWilliam H. Renwick Chapter 11: A World of States Victoria Alapo, Instructor Geog 1010

2. Nations & States • What is the difference btw a Nation & a State? • States are political boundaries i.e. countries • Nations are just the people themselvesnot the boundaries. • See “stateless nations” (textbook, pg 448). Any Examples? • Nation-States • Many European countries are Nation-States (e.g.?) • These are a single set of people who share the same ideals/culture within the state.

3. Formation Outside Europe • Superimposed boundaries • European colonial rule. See next slide. Many African countries are NOT nation-states. This is because of the various cultures within each country.

5. The Shapes of States • Compact shape is closest to the “circular ideal”. • Prorupted • Sometimes formed because of corridors to the sea/ navigable waterways e.g. Dem. Rep. of Congo; Namibia. • Elongated e.g. Chile • Archipelago – these are islands. Usually called “fragmented states”. E.g. Japan, Philippines, Indonesia. • Perforated – e.g. S/Africa; Italy (perforated by the Vatican and San Marino). • What Shape is the U.S.?

7. Subdivision & Representation • Defining the balance of power between local and national government • Unitary • Power lies at the center (that is, central govt/capital) • Federal • Power lies with the subunits (local states) • In Canada, provinces have more power than in U.S. local states • However, Ontario and Quebec dominate national government in Canada

9. Representative Districts • Electoral Geography • Sub-field of political geography • Voting districts and boundaries • Gerrymandering • Manipulating boundaries so that one group gains unfair advantage • Here, district lines can be drawn in such a way to include/exclude specific groups of voters. See cartoon (textbook, pg 472).

10. Introduction to GeographyPeople, Places, and Environment, 4eEdward F. BergmanWilliam H. Renwick Chapter 12: National Paths to Economic Growth Victoria Alapo, Instructor Geog 1010

11. Measures of Gross Product • Gross domestic product (GDP) • Total value of all goods and services produced within a country, and it’s measured per capita (per person) Measurement Limitations: • Undercounting of subsistence peoples and areas. Govts only count activities can be taxed. • Exaggerating the impact of cities • Underground, informal (or even Illegal) economies. See points made above. • Varying exchange rates; always converting things in other countries to “dollars”.

14. According to Alfred Weber, the locational determinants for manufacturing are: raw materials, labor force, market and transportation costs.

15. Types of Political Economies • Communism – direct govt. involvement; everything is nationalized. • Capitalism – private enterprise and stock market are determinants • However, government still has a role e.g. regulations (EPA, etc), types of production during war, etc • Mixed economies – most countries are in this “in-between”.

16. Introduction to GeographyPeople, Places, and Environment, 4eEdward F. BergmanWilliam H. Renwick Chapter 13: Political Regionalization and Globalization Victoria Alapo Geog 1010

17. Multiple Nation Organizations • Supranational organizations: when 3 or more countries come together for economic/ political/ cultural reasons e.g. • EU (European Union); see next slide • AU (African Union); • NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement); • CARICOM (English speaking countries of the Caribbean); • MERCOSUR (Latin American countries); • ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations); • ECOWAS – Econ. Community of West African States; • Arab League, etc

18. Expansion of EU in 2004 (Switzerland is not a member!)See map. Why??

20. NAFTA • North American Free Trade Agreement • 1994, between Canada, U.S. and Mexico. • As of 2004, the EU was larger in total members, population, income. • Promotes free trade, easier investment flows. And because of cheaper labor, also led to the increase in Maquiladoras (foreign-owned factories), esp. in Mexico.

21. NAFTA • Results • U.S. lost jobs • Mexico’s agriculture/ farmers have suffered after being flooded by cheap subsidized corn from U.S.

22. Jurisdiction of Earth • Antarctica – these claims are not recognized by U.S. or Russia (both support most of the research). • 1959 Treaty prevents countries from ever fighting over it. It states that it will be used for peaceful purposes, forever.

23. British Empire • 1900 peak (¼ of Earth’s land surface) • Vestiges of British culture remain in: • Legal system (see pg 457), Anglican churches, language, education • Queen Elizabeth still head of state in 16 countries in addition to UK • Canada, New Zealand, Jamaica • Northern Ireland • 26 of 32 counties independent from UK in 1921 • Ulster province (6 counties) chose to remain with UK – (Protestants – majority; Catholics – minority).

24. French Empire • French Republic today: • France • Overseas departments and territorial collectives (e.g. French Guiana). • A LOT of islands

25. Ottoman Empire • Turkey emerged in 1920s with collapse of Ottoman Empire • Middle East divided between France and Britain after Ottoman Empire collapsed. • Arabs loyal to clans, families, ethnic groups, than to countries. • Israel – Jewish homeland

26. United States Empire • Cuba – taken from Spain in 1898 and colonized by the U.S. Granted independence in 1934; naval base maintained in Guantanamo Bay. • Philippines – colonized by the U.S. from 1898-1946, after Spain was defeated. • Panama • U.S. provoked uprising for independence (1903), then leased canal from new govt., completing the work started by the French. Canal surrendered in 1999. • 1989 invasion – to bring dictator, Manuel Noriega to U.S. for trial; occupied Panama until late1999; drug trafficking did NOT go down, despite invasion.

27. United States Empire • Liberia • Ethnic conflict – U.S. involvement due to historical reasons (freed U.S. slaves settled there). • Islands –large number still under U.S. control • Puerto Rico • 1952 free commonwealth; not a 51st state. U.S. citizens who cannot vote; use dollar bill, pay no income taxes, but under jurisdiction of Fed. Govt. • Resource poor, densely populated, low per capita income. Poorer than the U.S.’ poorest State (Mississippi).

28. Russian Empire • Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) • Communist leader, control in 1917 • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922) • 1990 • USSR consisted of 15 union republics • 17% of Earth’s land area (excluding Antarctica) • Russia was the largest republic in USSR (76%) • Russian acculturation, influence & infiltration over centuries (see next slide)

29. Break-up of Soviet Union • Gorbachev • Became leader in 1985, and introduced: • Glasnost • Freedom of speech and press • Perestroika • Restructuring of economy and politics • Led to events and policies could not be controlled • 15 new countries • Economic struggles with Capitalism (see Russia video).

30. Developments in Russia • Economic challenges • Privatization of state-owned economy & “grabbing”. • Slow progress • Chechnya fighting for independence • Advantages Russia has: • Educated workforce • Natural resources • Scientific institutes