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Literature searching

Literature searching. A literature search identifies relevant information sources that are used to answer clinical questions. Databases. Google – Searcher beware, but very wide net TRIP database www.tripdatabase.com Pre-assessed information – reviews, synopses

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Literature searching

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  1. Literature searching A literature search identifies relevant information sources that are used to answer clinical questions

  2. Databases • Google – Searcher beware, but very wide net • TRIP database www.tripdatabase.com • Pre-assessed information – reviews, synopses • Includes DARE - Database of Abstracts of systematic Reviews of Evidence • PEDro – Physiotherapy Evidence Database • Studies assessed and rated for quality • BestBETs www.bestbets.org • Best Evidence Topic review - prereviewed • MEDLINE database www.pubmed.com • Primary sources Evidence-based Chiropractic

  3. PubMed searching • Search using keywords, text words, or subject headings • PubMed looks for entered keywords or text words in each of the possible fields of a record • e.g., author, title, abstract, journal name, volume, issue, date, etc. Evidence-based Chiropractic

  4. Evidence-based Chiropractic

  5. PubMed sidebar (cont.) • Tutorial • MeSH and search menu bar • Clinical Queries • Overview in class on use My NCBI and your own search strategies Evidence-based Chiropractic

  6. ChiroACCESS / MANTIS • Chiroaccess has certain topics listed in “Clinical Care” that have reviews and articles on common chiropractic topics • There are also many online resources and references linked from this site. • The MANTIS database can be searched from the literature search tab Evidence-based Chiropractic

  7. MANTIS advanced search page MANTIS Advanced search screen Search term High Clinical Relevancy check box Evidence-based Chiropractic

  8. PubMed Basic Search mode • Simply enter search terms in the Query box and click Go • PubMed produces a list of retrieved citations • Stopwordsare ignored by PubMed • e.g., the, and, because, thus, etc. • They don’t add or detract anything from the search results Evidence-based Chiropractic

  9. Multiple checkboxes • Functions of: • Display • Send to • Limits (carpal tunnel example) • Field tags (stenosis example) Evidence-based Chiropractic

  10. Common PubMed Field Tags Evidence-based Chiropractic

  11. Field tags example • If spinal stenosis is searched for in PubMed • Without any field tags, 2960 citations result • spinal stenosis • Using the Title Words [TI] field tag, only 731 • spinal stenosis [TI] • Combined with Author Name [AU], only 4 • spinal stenosis [TI] smith [AU] Evidence-based Chiropractic

  12. Boolean (Logical) operators • Words that combine search terms to narrow down or broaden searches • Consist of AND, OR, and NOT, NEAR • Should always be capitalized • Used by many databases, including PubMed and MANTIS Evidence-based Chiropractic

  13. Boolean operator AND • AND limits or narrows down a search • Combines terms so that only citations that contain both terms are retrieved • For example • A PubMed search for sacroiliac joint yields 2,760 citations and manipulation 33,819 • Searching sacroiliac joint AND manipulation narrows the results down to 76 Evidence-based Chiropractic

  14. AND example sacroiliac joint2,760 citations manipulation33,819 citations sacroiliac joint AND manipulation76 citations Evidence-based Chiropractic

  15. Combining more than 2 terms sacroiliacmanipulation joint chiropractic sacroiliacjointAND manipulation ANDchiropractic 18 citations Evidence-based Chiropractic

  16. Boolean operator OR • OR expands a search • All articles that contain either of the queried terms are retrieved • For example • Searching PubMed for sacroiliac joint OR manipulation expands the results to 36,503 • OR is useful when searching for different versions of a word • e.g., manipulation OR adjustment Evidence-based Chiropractic

  17. OR example sacroiliac joint2,760 citations manipulation33,819 citations sacroiliac joint OR manipulation 36,503 citations Evidence-based Chiropractic

  18. Boolean operator NOT • NOT also limits or narrows down a search • Only retrieves citations that do include the first term, but do not include the second term • For example • Searching PubMed for sacroiliac joint NOT manipulation narrows down the number of citations from 2,760 to 2,684 • 76 articles include manipulation and the SI joint, so they are eliminated Evidence-based Chiropractic

  19. NOT example sacroiliac joint NOT manipulation sacroiliac manipulation joint Articles that include both sacroiliac joint and manipulation are eliminated Evidence-based Chiropractic

  20. Nesting • Controls the order in which PubMed processes search terms • From left to right by default • Search terms are enclosed in parentheses • Terms within the parentheses are processed first • Boolean operators can be included Evidence-based Chiropractic

  21. Nesting example • If a doctor wants information on the non-surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome, the query might look like this • carpal tunnel syndrome AND (treatment NOT surgery) • This search will locate articles that deal with treatment, but not those that involve surgery Evidence-based Chiropractic

  22. Nesting example 2 • Searching chiropractic AND (whiplash OR chronic pain) • The database will first find all references that contain whiplash plus those that contain chronic pain • Then it will restrict results to those that also contain the word chiropractic Evidence-based Chiropractic

  23. The AND operator is used between words by default • PubMed searches for headache AND therapy exactly the same way as headachetherapy • Thus, AND is sometimes optional • To see how PubMed performed a search • Click the Details tab after the search is complete • Read the Query Translation Evidence-based Chiropractic

  24. Query Translation • Useful in figuring out why an unproductive search failed • Also to plan a subsequent search strategy that will be more successful • Sidebar (show example) Evidence-based Chiropractic

  25. Automatic Term Mapping • When terms are searched without a field tag, they are matched (in order) against the • MeSH Translation Table • Journals Translation Table • Full Author Translation Table • Author Index Evidence-based Chiropractic

  26. Automatic Term Mapping (cont.) • If the term matches a MeSH term, it is searched both as a MeSH term and a Text Word • The Journals Translation Table yields an abbreviated title when the journal’s full title is searched • Journal of the American Medical Association • JAMA or J Am Med Assoc Evidence-based Chiropractic

  27. Automatic Term Mapping (cont.) • The Full Author Translation Table retrieves the author’s full name • Only for articles published after 2001 • Order of names doesn’t matter • Searching meeker william c is equivalent to william cmeeker • Commas are not necessary • Helpful to distinguish first from last names (e.g., John James) Evidence-based Chiropractic

  28. Truncation (a.k.a, wildcard search) • Search for various uses of the same root word • The root word verte can be expanded to vertebra, vertebrae, vertebral, etc. • Searching only vertebral misses other forms of the word • The root word with an asterisk retrieves all forms of the word • e.g., verte* Evidence-based Chiropractic

  29. Truncation (cont.) • An * can be placed at the beginning or end of search terms • An * can also be placed within a word when a letter is variable or absent • The search term an*emia will look for anemia and anaemia • analy*e will look for analyze and analyse Evidence-based Chiropractic

  30. Phrase searching • Forces PubMed to search for a phrase rather than individual terms • Only the exact phrase will be queried • The phrase must be placed within quotation marks • A search of intervertebral disc herniation produces 11,747 citations • Whereas“intervertebral disc herniation” produces only 183 Evidence-based Chiropractic

  31. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) • A list of vocabulary terms used to index medical literature • Developed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) • MeSH terms are assigned to all MEDLINE records by NLM indexers corresponding to the article’s major topics Evidence-based Chiropractic

  32. Finding MeSH terms (cont.) • Another way to find MeSH terms is to view thecitation format of an article • Click Citation from the drop-down list next to the Display button located at the top and bottom of each page of retrieved records Evidence-based Chiropractic

  33. Finding MeSH terms (cont.) • A final way to find MeSH terms is to perform a free-text search then look at PubMed’s automatic term mapping translation • Click the Details tab and look at the terms in the Query Translation box • MeSH terms have a [MeSH Terms] field tag next to them Evidence-based Chiropractic

  34. Building a MeSH search • From the MeSH database • Select terms to include in the search by checking the adjacent box • Select the location to send the term to in the Send to drop down list • Other MeSH terms can be found and added to the Search Box by repeating this process Evidence-based Chiropractic

  35. MANTIS - Controlled Supplemental Vocabulary • Similar to MeSH headings • Functions with MeSH terms • Search terms are specific to complementary and alternative medicine • e.g., Gonstead Technic, Toggle Recoil Adjustment, Innate Intelligence, etc. Evidence-based Chiropractic

  36. MeSH and searching • Brain CT vs MRI example Evidence-based Chiropractic

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