240 likes | 362 Views
Happy Valentine’s Day!. DNA Notebook Check 2/14. 70. Cell Energy Notebook Check 71. DNA Structure 72. DNA Notes 73. RNA 74. From Genes to Proteins 75. Protein Synthesis Practice 76. Protein Synthesis Lab 77 (a & b). Mutations 78 (a & b & maybe c). DNA EOC Practice
E N D
DNA Notebook Check 2/14 • 70. Cell Energy Notebook Check • 71. DNA Structure • 72. DNA Notes • 73. RNA • 74. From Genes to Proteins • 75. Protein Synthesis Practice • 76. Protein Synthesis Lab • 77 (a & b). Mutations • 78 (a & b & maybe c). DNA EOC Practice • 79. DNA Notebook Check • 80. Genetics Unit Cover – title & 5 colorful pictures
DNA Structure #71 Part c • Nucleotides • Phosphate, Deoxyribose (sugar), nitrogen base • a.Purines, 2 ring b. Pyrimidines, 1 ring • Sugar, Phosphate • Helical, double-sided structure • Double, helix (twisted ladder) • a. Adenine – Thymine b. Cytosine – Guanine • Only certain bases can match up • Hydrogen bonds • AGC TCA GTT TCA GGG TCG AGT CAA AGT CCC
DNA Notes #72 DNA holds the recipe for making…proteins!!! • Why important??? Proteins = workforce of your body, make your body parts (traits)
DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid • Found in nucleus of cell • Made of nucleotides • 3 parts of nucleotides = 1) deoxyribose 2) phosphate 3) nitrogen base • 4 nitrogen bases (must be paired correctly) • Adenine & Thymine • Cytosine and Guanine All Tigers Can Growl
Nucleotides are joined together to make a single chain • Two chains connect to make the ladder • Sides of ladder = backbone of DNA = deoxyribose & phosphate • Steps of ladder = complementary bases (held together by hydrogen bonds) • Base pairing important (all tigers can growl) • Watson and Crick – discovered that DNA is arranged in a double helix (twisted ladder) The Sound of DNA
DNA can copy itself = REPLICATION • Enzymes help to unwind the 2 strands • Base pairs separate • Free nucleotides attach to single strands of DNA (base pairing!) • This makes new DNA molecule • DNA duplication is important for cell division (mitosis & meiosis)
DNA 3D Model Questions • What are the 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA? • Cytosine always pairs with what? • Adenine always pairs with what? • What does double helix mean? • What is the backbone of the DNA? • Where are the bases on your model? • What holds the bases one each strand together ?
We Love DNA (to the tune of “Row, Row, Row Your Boat”)We love DNAMade of nucleotides.Sugar, phosphate and a baseBonded down one side.Adenine and thymineMake a lovely pair.Cytosine without guanineWould feel very bare.
Introducing RNA… #73 • 3 types of RNA (and what they do) • How is RNA different from DNA (3)? • Transcription? • Translation? • DNA = GACAAGTCCACAATC • Write in mRNA? • Amino Acids that correspond?
From genes to proteins #74 PROTEINS • Review: • Builders of body parts? • How do they know what traits to “build?” • Building blocks of proteins = • There are ______ naturally occurring amino acids • What builds proteins = Coded in dna bases Amino acids 20 ribosomes
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1) DNAReplicationwill occur. 2) Transcription • an enzyme (RNA polymerase) translates the language of original DNA strand & turns it into the language of RNA by: • copying the code from DNA - base pairing (all unicorns can growl/gallop) • TCA CCA • AGU GGU This new molecule is called mRNA Codon 1 Codon 2
3) mRNA leaves the nucleus and finds a ribosome in the cytoplasm Builds proteins by linking together amino acids
Ribosomes jump from codon to codon on the mRNA and translate it into tRNAanticodons. • Certain codons start this process and stop it. • AGU GGU • UCA CCA TRANSLATION
Each tRNAanticodonspecifically represents and carries an amino acid to the ribosome. • tRNA begins building a protein by linking amino acids • Polypeptide chain = protein • The making of a protein is called… Protein synthesis
DNA Replication Translation (protein synthesis) Ribosome mrna originalDNA protein Protein Synthesis Transcription (DNA to RNA)
tRNA molecule carries amino acid for each codon C A U
mRNACodon Wheel • Page 303 in textbook • GGG = • AAG = • CAU = • Protein = Glycine Lysine HISTIDINE Peptide bond Amino acid Glycine – lysinE - HISTIDINE
Mutations #77a – use note sheet • Mutations = mistakes in DNA replication; changes in genetic material • Gene mutations = changes single gene/few nucleotides in DNA • define point mutations vs. frameshift mutations • Chromosomal mutations = produce changes in whole chromosomes (# or structure) • affect multiple genes • see #77b assignment • Nucleus • Pairs • Histones • Chromatin • Chromosomes • Sister Chromatid • Centromere • 46 • Pairs • Varies widely • Gender • XX = girl and XY = boy
#78 continued 14. A segment of a DNA strand has the following bases: TAC GAT. What is the complementary strand of DNA? a. UAG CAU b. TAG CAT c. ATG CTA d. AUG CUA 15. Which relationship is most similar to this relationship….tRNA : ribosome? a. book : publisher c. key : lock b. truck : factory d. baker : pie 16. Before a cell goes through either mitosis or meiosis, which process must be carried out by the DNA in the nucleus? a. replication c. transcription b. nondisjunction d. translation Complete #s 1, 2, 5, 7 – 12 on page 317 in the textbook.