Climate's Role in Shaping Ecosystems

1. Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities

2. The Role of Climate Section 4-1

3. The Role of Climate • Weather vs Climate What's the difference?

4. The Role of Climate • Weather is day to day conditions • Climate refers to the average year to year conditions of temperature and precipitation

5. The Greenhouse Effect

6. Works the same way on earth Temperatures on earth remain within a suitable range for life because the biosphere has a natural insulating blanket Without this effect the earth would be about 10 degrees colder The Greenhouse effect

7. Effect of Latitude on climate

8. The effect of latitude on climate

9. As a result of the differences on latitude and this the angle of heating. Earth has three main climate zones Polar Temperate tropical Effect of latitude on Climate

10. Unequal heating of the earth’s surface drives winds and ocean currents, which transport heat around the globe Hadley cells Heat and the Biosphere

11. Why does it always rain at the equator?

12. What shapes an Ecosystem? Section 4-2

13. What shapes an ecosystem? Abiotic Factors are non living parts of the environment such as rocks, the sun, and temperature

14. What shapes an ecosystem? Biotic Factors The living parts of the environment such as plants, bacteria, and animals

15. The Niche • Niche- “job/occupation” • -conditions in which it lives and the way it uses those conditions • ex: place in food web, temperature ranges • -no 2 species share same niche in same habitat • -can have similar niches

16. Community Interactions • Competition • Predation • Symbiosis • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism

17. Competition- when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use and ecological resource in the same place at the same time Competitive exclusion principle…… no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time (know for test) Community Interactions

18. Predation – an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism Community Interactions

19. A close and permanent association between organisms of different species Commensalism – a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected Example: Barnacles on a whale Sea anemone and clown fish Viceroy and monarch butterflies Symbiosis

20. Community interactions • Mutualism – a relationship in which both organisms benefit from each other • Example: Birds eating pest off a rhino’s back • Ants and treehopper nymphs • Bees and flowers

21. Community Interactions • Parasitism – A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed • Example: Ticks on a dog

22. Ecological Succession • A change in the community in which new populations of organisms gradually replace existing ones • 1. Primary Succession – occurs in an area where there is no existing communities and for some reason (s) a new community of organisms move into the area

23. Ecological Succession • A change in the community in which new populations of organisms gradually replace existing ones 2. Secondary Succession – occurs in an area where an existing community is partially damaged

24. What type of Ecological Succession

25. Aquatic Ecosystems Section 4-4

26. Ecology • Biome • Is a major type of ecosystem with its own temperature ranges, rainfall amounts, and types of organisms

27. Aquatic Biomes • Marine (Salt Water) • Location: Oceans & Estuaries • Freshwater (No Salt) • Location: lakes, rivers, ponds, wetlands

28. Marine Aquatic Biomes

29. Marine • Photic zone • about 200 meter down • Where sunlight can reach • Aphotic zone • Permanently dark • Chemosynthetic autotrophs are only producers

30. Marine Ecosystems • In addition to the division between the photic and aphotic zones, marine biologists also divide the ocean zone based on depth and distance from shore: intertidal zone benthic zone coastal zone coral reefs open ocean

31. Intertidal Zone • Have suckers to hold on as tide comes in and out • Clams, barnacles, snails, sea urchins, sea stars and starfish

32. Coastal Zone • Coastal zones • Extend from low tide mark to outer edge of continental crust • Life: • Plankton • Seaweed • Huge kelp forests • Sea otters • Fish • whales

33. Open Ocean Zone • Biggest section of marine biome • Life: • Sharks • Whales • Squid • Octopus

34. Coral Reef and Benthic Zones • Coral Reefs • Warm, shallow waters • Very diverse • Benthic Zone • Covers ocean floor • Life: • Scavengers • Crabs, lobsters

35. Aquatic Biomes • Estuary – shallow area where salt water and fresh water mix • Salt marshes and mangrove swamps

36. Fresh Water Aquatic Biomes • Three main types • Flowing water ecosystem • Standing water ecosystem • Freshwater wetlands

37. Flowing water ecosystem • Examples • Rivers • Streams • Creeks • Life: • Adapted to flow of water • Have hooks or suckers to hold on or streamlined bodies • Near source water is turbulent, plenty of oxygen but little plant life • As water flows downhill sediment builds up and plant life establishes • Further downstream turtles and beavers make their home

38. Standing water Ecosystem • Examples • Lakes • Ponds • Life: • Plankton • Phytoplankton • zooplankton

39. Aquatic Biomes • Freshwater Wetland – area where water and soil mix • Three sub- types • Bogs • Marshes • swamps

40. Land Biomes Section 4-3

41. Land Biomes Tropical rain forest Tropical dry forest Savanna Desert Temperate forest Temperate woodland and shrubland Grasslands Coniferous forest Boreal forest Tundra

42. Climographs