The World Between the Wars: Revolutions, Depression, and Authoritarian Response

1. 29 The World Between the Wars: Revolutions, Depression, and Authoritarian Response

2. The World Between the Wars • The Roaring Twenties • Revolution: The First Waves • The Global Great Depression • The Authoritarian Response

3. The World Between the Wars

4. The Roaring Twenties • Bouncing Back? • Enormous challenges • Optimism, creativity • Cubism • Women • Lose place in workforce • Gain voting rights

5. Other Industrial Centers • Canada, Australia, New Zealand • Independence • British Commonwealth of Nations • United States • Isolationism • "Red scare" • Japan • Strong economy

6. From Dominions to Nationhood: Formation of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand

7. New Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fascism • Rise, late 1800s • Benito Mussolini • Government, 1922 • Suspends elections, 1926

8. New Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fascism • The New Nations of East Central Europe • Authoritarian governments dominate

9. Eastern Europe and The Soviet Union, 1919-1939

10. A Balance Sheet • Representative governments • e.g. Germany, Canada, Japan • Social change, economic prosperity • Democracy challenged • Italy, central Europe • American, Japanese powerful

11. Revolution: The First Waves • Mexico's Upheaval • Porfirio Díaz • Ruler since 1876 • Economy • Foreign control • Francisco Madero • 1910, arrested • Díaz wins election

12. Revolution: The First Waves • Mexico's Upheaval • Rebellion • Madero, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata • Díaz removed • 1913, Madero assassinated • Victoriano Huerta • Returns to Díaz’s style of rule • Forced from power, 1914

13. Mexico's Upheaval • General Alvaro Obregón • Civil war over by 1920 • Obregón first elected president • 1917, new constitution • Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940) • Land redistributed • Ejidos • Education expanded

14. Culture and Politics in Postrevolutionary Mexico • Indian culture influential • Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco • Cristeros • Conservative peasant movement • PRI • Origins in 1920s

15. Revolution in Russia: Liberalism to Communism • Revolution breaks out, 1917 • Alexander Kerensky • Provisional government • November, 1917 • Bolsheviks (Communist Party) • Lenin • Closes parliament • Congress of Soviets

16. Revolution in Russia: Liberalism to Communism • 1918-1921 • Reaction against communism

17. Stabilization of Russia’sCommunist Regime • Leon Trotsky • Red Army • Lenin's New Economic Policy, 1921 • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 1923

18. Soviet Experimentation • Gains for workers, women • Lenin • Death, 1924 • Succeeded by Stalin

19. Toward Revolution in China • Last Qing emperor abdicates, 1912 • Yuan Shikai • Heads coalition • Japan invades

20. China's May Fourth Movement and the Rise of the Marxist Alternative • Sun Yat-sen • Revolutionary Alliance • Elected president, 1911 • Parliament • Resigns, 1912 • Yuan becomes president

21. China's May Fourth Movement and the Rise of the Marxist Alternative • Japan • Twenty-one demands to Yuan • Yuan refuses • Control confirmed by Versailles • May 4, 1919 • Mass demonstrations • Call for Western political reform

22. China's May Fourth Movement and the Rise of the Marxist Alternative • Li Dazhou • Marxism adopted to Chinese situation • Influences Mao Zedong • Communist Party of China, 1921

23. The Seizure of Power by China's Guomindang • Guomindang (Nationalist Party of China) • Sun Yat-sen • Allies with Communists • Supported by Soviet Union • Whampoa Military Academy, 1924 • Chiang Kai-shek, first leader

24. Mao and the Peasant Option • Chiang Kai-shek • Succeeds as head of Guomindang, 1925 • Begins civil war, to 1949 • Mao Zedong • Long March to Shanxi, 1934

25. China in the Era of Revolution and Civil War

26. The Global Great Depression • Causation • Recession, 1920-1921 • The Debacle • October, 1929 • New York Stock Market crash • Depression deepens, 1929-1933

27. The Global Great Depression • Soviet Union • Immune • West • Welfare programs

28. Responses to the Depression in Western Europe • Governments have little impact • Radicalism attractive • Popular Front, 1936 • Liberals, Socialists, Communists • The New Deal • Franklin Roosevelt

29. The Authoritarian Response • The Rise of Nazism • Fascism, 1920s

30. Adolf Hitler • National Socialist party • 1932 elections • Anti-semitic • 1933, takes power • Totalitarian

31. Rhineland • Rhineland • Occupied, 1936 • No response • Anschlutz, 1938 • Sudetan Land, 1938-1939 • Invasion of Poland, 1939

32. The Spread of Fascism and the Spanish Civil War • Mussolini • Ethiopia, 1935 • Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 • Germany, Italy support right • Russia, Western volunteers support left • Japan invades China, 1937 • Axis, 1940 • Germany, Italy, Japan

33. Economic and Political Changes in Latin America • Economic expansion • Reaction to liberalism

34. The Great Crash and Latin American Responses • Conservatives • Corporatism • Fascism • Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940) • Reform • Cuba • Revolution, 1933

35. The Vargas Regime in Brazil • 1929 Election • Civil war • Gétulio Vargas, president • Vargas • Reform • New constitution, 1937 • Influenced by Mussolini • Suicide, 1954

36. Argentina: Populism, Perón, and the Military • Economic collapse, 1929 • Nationalists • Take control, 1943 • Juan d. Perón • Wife, Eva Duarte • Coalition government • Driven from power, 1955 • Maintains influence

37. Argentina: Populism, Perón, and the Military • Death of Perón, 1974 • Return of military rule

38. The Militarization of Japan • Nationalists • Revolts, 1932, 1936 • Military gains power • Tojo Hideki • Influence over prime ministers • War with China, 1937 • Military ascendant

39. The Militarization of Japan • By 1938 • Control of Korea, Manchuria, Taiwan

40. The Expansion of Japan to the Outbreak of World War II

41. Industrialization and Recovery • Industrialization from 1931

42. Stalinism in the Soviet Union • From 1927 • Industrialization

43. Economic Policies • Collectivization, 1928 • Mechanization • Kulaks resist • Suppression • Five-year plans • Factories

44. Toward an Industrial Society • Totalitarian Rule • Harsh suppression of criticism • 1939, ally with Hitler

45. Global Connections: Economic Depression, Authoritarian Response, and Democratic Retreat • Consequences of the Great Depression • Surge of nationalism • Ties between nations weakened • Tariffs cause animosity