From National Government

1. From National Government

2. To Transnationalized Governance

3. State-Centric Perspective State I State II Society I Society II

4. Simple Transnationalism State I State II Society I Society II

5. Complex Transnationalism Intl Organizations State I State II Society I Society II

6. Tri-Sectoral/Level Perspective

7. Manifestations of New Governance • Transnational advocacy networks (TANs) • International/global/world civil society • Intergovernmental institutions and organizations • WTO, NAFTA • WB, IMF • UN • New forms of regulation

8. The Growth Of Transnational Nongovernmental Organizations

9. Transnational Governance and Networks • How are networks organized? • What are effective strategies and tactics? • Under what conditions are they successful?

10. Networks • National • International • Transnational advocacy networks • What are networks? • Voluntary, reciprocal patterns of communication and exchange • Fluid and open relationships among committed actors working in an issue area

11. Effective Network Structure • Organizationally dense • Linked by strong bridging organizations and shared values • Participatory and mutually accountable • Non-bureaucratic • Driven by strong domestic actors, especially grassroots

12. Effective Models for Change • “Boomerang” model of change • When domestic actors blocked • Transnational actors apply pressure • “Spiral” model of change & norm adoption • 1) State repression – activists put issue on intl agenda. States deny norms • 2) States make some concessions under pressure • Opens up domestic space • 3) Norms achieve proscriptive status OR states increase repression

13. Effective Network Strategies • Employ a range of tactics • Operate at multiple levels across numerous countries • Wield scientific knowledge • Are linked with scientific groups • Promote democratization (?)

14. Effective Network Action • Issues promote the public interest rather than advancing private interests • Norm promotion or creation is aligned with domestic and international environments • Monitoring and support of norm implementation is prioritized

15. Supportive Conditions for Change • Democratic opportunity structures • Elite allies inside powerful agencies • Windows of opportunity

16. Challenges for Transnational Networks • Diverse member goals • Power imbalances • Secretive or opaque communication • Loose affiliations, far flung • Lack of clear goals or activities

17. What are the tactics? • Information politics • Create politically usable information • Symbolic politics • Create symbols that draw people in • Leverage politics • Use material (economics) or moral (shame) leverage • Accountability politics • Hold powerful actors to previous statements

18. When are advocacy networks most successful? • Issue characteristics • Have moral salience • Have a causal story • Involve clear harm to people • Involve equality of opportunity • Actor characteristics • Dense network with many overlapping ties • Targeted actors are vulnerable to activist incentives or sanctions

20. North and Institutions • Institutions: incentive structure of society • Institutions: ‘rules of the game’ • Organizations: “the teams”

21. Institutions as Constraints • Reduce ‘transactions costs’ by reducing uncertainty about outcomes • Less than idea but stable institutions might support growth and development • Formal constraints: • Rules, laws, constitutions • Informal constraints • Norms, conventions, self-imposed codes of conduct

22. How do institutions change? • People’s mental models and categories affect how they define problems and see the world • ‘culture’ • Change occurs: • With shocks or unexpected events • With large scale historical trends like current wave of global integration • But typically quite slowly – mental models are slow to change