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Motivation

Motivation. Chapter 10. Motivational Theories and Concepts. Motives – needs, wants, desires leading to goal-directed behavior Drive theories – seeking homeostasis Incentive theories – regulation by external stimuli Evolutionary theories – maximizing reproductive success.

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Motivation

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  1. Motivation Chapter 10

  2. Motivational Theories and Concepts • Motives – needs, wants, desires leading to goal-directed behavior • Drive theories – seeking homeostasis • Incentive theories – regulation by external stimuli • Evolutionary theories – maximizing reproductive success

  3. Diversity of motives • Biological versus Social motives

  4. The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Biological Factors • Brain regulation • Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus • Paraventricular nucleus • Glucose and digestive regulation • Glucostatic theory • Hormonal regulation • Insulin and leptin

  5. The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Environmental Factors • Learned preferences and habits • Exposure • When, as well as what • Food-related cues • Appearance, odor, effort required • Stress • Link between heightened arousal/negative emotion and overeating

  6. Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity • Evolutionary explanations • Genetic predisposition • Body Mass Index and adoption study • The concept of set point/settling point • Dietary restraint

  7. Sexual Motivation and Behavior: • Determining Desire • Hormonal regulation • Estrogens • Androgens • Testosterone • Pheromones • Synchronized menstrual cycles • Aphrodisiacs • Erotic materials • Attraction to a Partner • The Coolidge effect • Evolutionary factors

  8. Gender Differences in Sexual Activity • Males show a greater interest in sex than females. • Males have more frequent and varied sex fantasies • Males subjective ratings of sex drives are higher. • More motivated to pursue a greater variety of partners • More willing to engage in casual (uncommitted sex) • Differences may be exaggerated because of double standard towards sexuality • Women may downplay sexuality to avoid be considered permissive

  9. Gender Differences and Mate Preferences • Parental Investment Theory • Females look for mate that could • Provide resources • Was willing to invest resources • Protect family • Males look for mate that • Had good reproductive potential • Young and healthy • Would be faithful • Nuturing • Other explanations

  10. Expectancy Theory Valence - attractiveness of an outcome to an individual Instrumentality - strength of belief that performance results in outcome attainment Outcomes (e.g., “A” on test, raise, promotions) Expectancy - strength of belief that effort will result in successful performance

  11. MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS ACTUALIZATION ESTEEM SOCIAL SAFETY PHYSIOLOGICAL

  12. Motivation • McClelland’s Learned Needs • Need for Achievement • a need to accomplish goals, excel, and strive continually to do things better. • Need for Affiliation • desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships • affiliative interest • affiliative assurance • Need for Power • the need to influence and lead others and be in control of one’s environment • socialized power • personalized power

  13. Interpreting the TAT Achievement standard of excellence unique accomplishment long-term goal Affiliation + emotional relationship likes another wants to be liked by another affiliate activities

  14. Situational Determinants of Achievement

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