Natural product drug discovery limitations when compared to synthetic chemical drug discovery :

1. Natural product drug discovery limitations when compared to synthetic chemical drug discovery: • 1- Building up and maintaining a high-quality natural product library requires a skill set that is not generally available in industry. • 2- Natural products are often synthesized in small quantities and present as mixtures in extracts, which require labor-intensive and time consuming purification procedures.

2. 3- Rediscovery of known compounds is a major problem when screeningnatural product libraries. This is caused by a lack of efficient dereplication methodologies for both natural product sourcing and compounds in the natural product libraries. • 4-The time-consuming processes of dereplication and purification arenot compatible with the present regime of screening campaigns in which assay support is only available for a limited duration (three months). • 5- Natural products are often structurally complex. Modification ofcomplex natural products using organic chemistry is frequently challenging.

3. Advances in natural product research to addressthese limitations. * Recent technological advances and the development of new methods have revolutionized the screening of naturalproducts and offer a unique opportunity to re-establishnatural products as major source of drug leads. * The newmethods and technologies can address the aforementionedlimitations of screening of natural products.

4. Examples ofrecent advances in the application of these technologiesthat have immediate impact on the discovery of noveldrugs are: • Development of a streamlined screeningprocess for natural products. • Improved naturalproduct sourcing; and advances, Organic syntheticmethodologies; combinatorial biosynthesis;microbial genomics.

5. Pharmacodynamics: • The study of the effect of a drug and its mechanism of • action. In cerebro: Defined as: using ones own mind (knowledge) to think through a problem, interpret data, or make conclusions. In silico: The use of software to analyze data or make prediction (estimations) through some form of logic or knowledge (learning rules or database).

6. Biological screening methods. Using biological assays to identify the active samples. Used Assays must be: • * Rapid • * Simple • * Consume small amount of samples • * Not very expensive • * Specific • All steps are done using the biological assay starting from fractionation till the isolation of pure active compounds.

7. Biological Screening Methods in the Search for Pharmacologically Active Natural Products Natural products have served as an important source of drugs since ancient times and about half of the useful drugs today are derived from natural sources. Chemodiversity in nature, e.g. in plants, microorganisms and marine organisms, still offers a valuable source for novel lead discovery, but rapid identification of the bioactive compounds of natural product mixtures remains a critical factor to ensure that this tool of drug discovery can compete with recent developed technologies such as chemical compound libraries and high-throughput screening of combinatorial synthetic efforts. Corrado T. (2004). Bioactive Compounds from Natural Sources, isolation, characterization and biological properties.2nd ed. Taylor & Francis.

8. * Rapid screening of natural product mixtures requires the availability of a library of reference of natural compounds and methods for simple identification of putative lead structural classes avoiding to a large extent, the potential for false-positive results. • * The coupling of chromatographic methods such as high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (MS) or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) or, and with, on-line bioactivity assays, is an important tool for high throughput screening of natural product mixtures.

9. The effective use of automated procedures and databases in the isolation, identification and biological profiling of bioactive compounds from natural sources will be the best guarantee to the continued discovery of novel chemotypesfrom nature. ROLES OF BIOASSAYS Four major roles of bioassays can be distinguished, i.e. prescreens, screens, monitors and secondary testing. In a prescreen a bioassay is applied to large numbers of initial samples to determine whether or not they have any bioactivity of the desired type. Such bioassays must have high capacity, low cost and must give rapid answers.

10. A bioassay in a screen is used to select materials for secondary testing. • In a monitor, a bioassay is used to guide fractionation of a crude material towards isolation of the pure bioactive substances. It must, therefore, be fast and cheap, have high capacity, and be readily available to the phytochemist. • In the secondary testing, lead compounds are evaluated in multiple models and test conditions to select candidates for development towards clinical trials. Secondary testing is consequently characterized by a low capacity and expensive and slow bioassays.

11. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOASSAYS The methods for the detection of biological activity of natural product mixtures can best be divided into two groups for screening purposes: General screening bioassays and Specialized screening bioassays. Depending on the aims of the screening program, either a general screening which can pick up many different effects, or a specific assay which is directed at finding some effect against a specific disease.

12. A broad screening bioassay is probably most useful if one is randomly screening chosen organisms for any kind of pharmacological activity. The alternative to using broad screening would be the setting up of a battery of specific test methods, which is cumbersome and expensive. Another drawback of using a general test for screening and monitoring is that one does not know, until the active compound has been isolated, if the work was worth doing. Since, in most phytochemical laboratories engaged in the bioassay-guided isolation of actives from natural product mixtures no complex bioassays can be used, efforts have been made to introduce single, inexpensive ‘front line’ or ‘bench-top’ bioassays for the rapid screening of extracts and fractions.

13. Specialized screening bioassays can be subdivided according to the target organisms which are used in the model. These can be * lower organisms, e.g. microorganisms, insects, molluscs, protozoa, helminths, * isolated subcellular systems, e.g. enzymes, receptors, organelles, * isolated intact cells of human or animal origin, * isolated organs or vertebrates, * or whole animals. In any case, specialized bioassays have to be relevant which means they should predict the intended therapeutic indications.

14. Firstly, the bioassay must be sensitive in a dose dependent fashion to standard compounds that are known to possess the desired therapeutic property. Secondly, the relative potency of known active agents in the bioassay should be comparable to their relative potency in clinical use. Thirdly, the bioassay should be selective.

15. General screening bioassays: Broad screening bioassays: * Broad assaying procedures can be performed by 1- Hippocraticscreening, Hippocratic method is performed on intact rats and involves observation of about 30 parameters at 3- to 5-dose levels. * It is a time-consuming and expensive method, which requires much experience in observation and comparatively large amounts of test substances, but the screening of a wide variety of biological activities is possible. * The large amount of extract and the time factor makes the method unsuitable for monitoring the isolation of an active component from plant extracts. * Substituting mice for rats and observation of only the most pronounced effect in a limited number of animals could potentially overcome the drawback of using the Hippocratic screening for monitoring purposes.

16. 2- Isolated guinea-pig ileum, The isolated organ method, using, e.g. guinea pig ileum for the observation of contraction or inhibition of contraction, has been used as a non-specific screen for pharmacologicaleffects of crude plant extracts by different research groups. Two tests are performed for each extract. * First, the extract’s ability to contract the ileum is tested. * In a second test, the ileum is induced to contract by electrical stimulation and the extract is tested for ability to inhibit these contractions . As the ileum is a piece of smooth muscle, innervated by many different nerve systems, all of which can be electrically stimulated at the same time, a positive response can indicate many different mechanisms for the pharmacological activity of the extract.