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Structures of the Respiratory System

Structures of the Respiratory System. 1/2) Nose: Air enters through the nostrils Then goes to nasal passages Cilia and mucus capture dust, bacteria, etc. Mucus also serves to moisten air Capillaries help warm air as it passes (so through the nose, air is cleaned, moistened, and warmed)

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Structures of the Respiratory System

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  1. Structures of the Respiratory System

  2. 1/2) Nose: • Air enters through the nostrils • Then goes to nasal passages • Cilia and mucus capture dust, bacteria, etc. • Mucus also serves to moisten air • Capillaries help warm air as it passes (so through the nose, air is cleaned, moistened, and warmed) *This does not occur when you breathe through your mouth*

  3. 4) Epiglottis 3/5) Pharynx and Larynx: • Once air passes from the nasal passages through the pharynx then through the larynx 6) Esophagus Voice box- made mostly of cartilage, a flexible connective tissue

  4. 7) Trachea (windpipe) • 12cm long/ 2.5cm wide • Lined with cilia • Held open with rings of cartilage • Cilia/mucus membrane move foreign matter to pharynx • Then its swallowed (generally) • Smoking inhibits cilia movement

  5. 8/9) Lungs: (gas exchange organ) • Composed of many small chambers, each is surrounded by capillaries • Fill a large part of the chest cavity • Separated from abdominal cavity by the diaphragm • Each lung is enclosed by 2 layer membrane called the pleura • Between the 2 layers is a lubricating fluid which allows the lungs to move freely during breathing

  6. 10/11) Bronchi/ Bronchial tubes: • (2) which branch from trachea • Ringed tubes which enter the lungs and further divide into smaller tubules (11. Bronchial) 12) Diaphragm 16) Bronchioles: • As bronchial tubes further divide, their walls become thinner with less cartilage-finally become bronchioles

  7. 15) Capillary Network 13/17) Alveoli: (singular-alveolus) • Cup shaped chambers found at the end of each bronchiole • One cell thick sac which is the respiratory surface • Covered with capillaries • About 300 million alveoli • Very large surface area- greater than that of our skin • Smoking and air pollution causes alveoli to lose elasticity (emphysema)

  8. Gas Exchange • Four Stages- • Breathing: • Controlled by medulla • Movement of air into and out of the lungs • inhalation draws air into lungs (active) • exhalation forces air out of lungs (passive) • Responds to CO2 concentration

  9. 2) External Respiration: • Gas exchange in the lungs between the alveoli and the capillaries • 02 is picked up by the RBC’s hemoglobin • CO2 is in the plasma as HCO3 (bicarbonate and ion) 3)Internal Respiration • Gas exchange between blood in the capillaries and the cells of the body • This occurs between walls of the capillaries and ICF DIFFUSES ACROSS TISSUE MEMBRANE ICF O2 CO2 tissue ICF

  10. 4) Oxygen Transport/ CO2 • Oxygen is transported by oxyhemoglobin • CO2 is transported by carboxyhemoglobin • CO2 become carbonic acid when combined with H2O in plasma

  11. Diseases of the Respiratory System • Bronchitis: inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes. Passages become clogged with mucus and swollen. This causes coughing and breathing difficulties. 2) Asthma: a common chronic disorder of the airways that is characterized by multiple and recurring symptoms, airway blockage, bronchospasms, and inflammation.

  12. 3) Emphysema: caused by exposure to toxic substances, including tobacco smoke. Causes alveoli to lose elasticity. 4) Lung Cancer: uncontrolled and irregular cells which form masses called tumors. Leading causes of lung cancer include cigarettes. Leading cause of cancer death. 5) Pneumonia: when alveoli fill with fluid which causes decreased gas exchange in the lungs. Can be caused by normal throat bacteria (streptococcus pneumonia) when one’s immune system is down.

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