What is tolerance?

2. What is tolerance? What is tolerance? It is an ambition to keep community with those people, who differs from you and the majority of people around you. There are different kinds of tolerance: race tolerance, religious tolerance and some others. We will stop on the religious one. We are going to look for examples of this kind of tolerance in our city, in St.-Petersburg, as it was the first city in Russia built according to the European standards. We are going to prove, that in St.-Petersburg tolerance was quite everywhere un architecture, among people, between different confessions and so on. So we begin.

3. Tolerance in Russian Orthodox churches

4. Tolerance in Russian Orthodox churches There existed strict canons for the construction of Russian Orthodox churches and no architect was allowed to break them. Peter,s reforms made church canons a bit less tough and this brought to life the harmonious blend of different architectural styles. The West-European architectural styles, the elements of Roman Catholic churches were masterfully combined with the Russo-Byzantine style, thus making Russian Orthodox churches more magnificent. The first architect who did it was Domenico Trezini. It is evident that I am speaking about Saints Peter-and-Paul,s cathedral in the Peter-and-Paul,s fortress. This was the first time when a Catholic architect built a Russian Orthodox Church. Another cathedral that is very well known all over the world, as it is the fourth biggest cathedral, is St. Isaac,s. Its architect was Montferrand who was a Catholic. The French architect kept to the basic canon of Russo-Byzantine architecture – a 5-domed construction. Another interior décor detail that came from the Roman Catholic Church is the huge stained-glass window, representing rising Christ.

5. Tolerance in Russian Orthodox churches There existed strict canons for the construction of Russian Orthodox churches and no architect was allowed to break them. Peter,s reforms made church canons a bit less tough and this brought to life the harmonious blend of different architectural styles. The West-European architectural styles, the elements of Roman Catholic churches were masterfully combined with the Russo-Byzantine style, thus making Russian Orthodox churches more magnificent. The first architect who did it was Domenico Trezini. It is evident that I am speaking about Saints Peter-and-Paul,s cathedral in the Peter-and-Paul,s fortress. This was the first time when a Catholic architect built a Russian Orthodox Church.

6. Tolerance Russian Orthodox churches There existed strict canons for the construction of Russian Orthodox churches and no architect was allowed to break them. Peter,s reforms made church canons a bit less tough and this brought to life the harmonious blend of different architectural styles. The West-European architectural styles, the elements of Roman Catholic churches were masterfully combined with the Russo-Byzantine style, thus making Russian Orthodox churches more magnificent. The first architect who did it was Domenico Trezini. It is evident that I am speaking about Saints Peter-and-Paul,s cathedral in the Peter-and-Paul,s fortress. This was the first time when a Catholic architect built a Russian Orthodox Church.

7. Tolerance in Russian Orthodox churches There existed strict canons for the construction of Russian Orthodox churches and no architect was allowed to break them. Peter,s reforms made church canons a bit less tough and this brought to life the harmonious blend of different architectural styles. The West-European architectural styles, the elements of Roman Catholic churches were masterfully combined with the Russo-Byzantine style, thus making Russian Orthodox churches more magnificent. The first architect who did it was Domenico Trezini. It is evident that I am speaking about Saints Peter-and-Paul,s cathedral in the Peter-and-Paul,s fortress. This was the first time when a Catholic architect built a Russian Orthodox Church. Another cathedral that is very well known all over the world, as it is the fourth biggest cathedral, is St. Isaac,s. Its architect was Montferrand who was a Catholic. The French architect kept to the basic canon of Russo-Byzantine architecture – a 5-domed construction. Another interior décor detail that came from the Roman Catholic Church is the huge stained-glass window, representing rising Christ.

8. Tolerance in Russian Orthodox churches Another cathedral that is very well known all over the world, as it is the fourth biggest cathedral, is St. Isaac,s. Its architect was Montferrand who was a Catholic. The French architect kept to the basic canon of Russo-Byzantine architecture – a 5-domed construction. Another interior décor detail that came from the Roman Catholic Church is the huge stained-glass window, representing rising Christ.

9. Tolerance in Russian Orthodox churches Another cathedral that is very well known all over the world, as it is the fourth biggest cathedral, is St. Isaac,s. Its architect was Montferrand who was a Catholic. The French architect kept to the basic canon of Russo-Byzantine architecture – a 5-domed construction. Another interior décor detail that came from the Roman Catholic Church is the huge stained-glass window, representing rising Christ.

10. Tolerance in Russian Orthodox churches The Kazan cathedral, an unforgettable ensemble of Nevsky prospect again shows us how wonderful the mix of different styles may be. Mostly only the dome reminds us that it is a Russian Orthodox cathedral because on the whole it looks like a secular building. This colonnade with the portico reminds us of St. Peter s cathedral in Vatican. Such a decorative element has never been used to decorate Russian Orthodox churches. So the cathedral represents a unique a combination of Russian Orthodox and Catholic traditions and this is really wonderful. So in the end of my little speech I would like to say some words about one more church. But this one does not represent any blend of styles or something like that. Among these four cathedrals I like this most of all, because of a simple fact – this one is traditionally Russian, although it was built by a foreign architect, Alfred Parland who was of the English origin. The Savior on Blood. It is built in the so called Russian style in its late period. . This cathedral is famous for the abundance of mosaic works inside the building and on its facades. All the works form one of the biggest mosaic collections in Europe.

11. Tolerance in Russian Orthodox churches The Kazan cathedral, an unforgettable ensemble of Nevsky prospect again shows us how wonderful the mix of different styles may be. Mostly only the dome reminds us that it is a Russian Orthodox cathedral because on the whole it looks like a secular building. This colonnade with the portico reminds us of St. Peter s cathedral in Vatican. Such a decorative element has never been used to decorate Russian Orthodox churches. So the cathedral represents a unique a combination of Russian Orthodox and Catholic traditions and this is really wonderful.

12. Tolerance in Russian Orthodox churches The Kazan cathedral, an unforgettable ensemble of Nevsky prospect again shows us how wonderful the mix of different styles may be. Mostly only the dome reminds us that it is a Russian Orthodox cathedral because on the whole it looks like a secular building. This colonnade with the portico reminds us of St. Peter s cathedral in Vatican. Such a decorative element has never been used to decorate Russian Orthodox churches. So the cathedral represents a unique a combination of Russian Orthodox and Catholic traditions and this is really wonderful. So in the end of my little speech I would like to say some words about one more church. But this one does not represent any blend of styles or something like that. Among these four cathedrals I like this most of all, because of a simple fact – this one is traditionally Russian, although it was built by a foreign architect, Alfred Parland who was of the English origin. The Savior on Blood. It is built in the so called Russian style in its late period. . This cathedral is famous for the abundance of mosaic works inside the building and on its facades. All the works form one of the biggest mosaic collections in Europe.

13. Tolerance in Russian Orthodox churches So in the end of my little speech I would like to say some words about one more church. But this one does not represent any blend of styles or something like that. Among these four cathedrals I like this most of all, because of a simple fact – this one is traditionally Russian, although it was built by a foreign architect, Alfred Parland who was of the English origin. The Savior on Blood. It is built in the so called Russian style in its late period. . This cathedral is famous for the abundance of mosaic works inside the building and on its facades. All the works form one of the biggest mosaic collections in Europe.

14. Tolerance in Russian Orthodox churches Apostle Paul: “… they think that we are deceivers, but we are faithful… they think that we are dead, but we do not die… we are poor, but we enrich a lot of others… Our mouth is opened for you… our heart is opened for you… House us”

15. Catholicism and its branches in Saint-Petersburg

16. Catholicism and its branches in Saint-Petersburg Roman Catholic church of Saint Catherine In Tsarist times Nevsky prospect was dubbed the “Street of Tolerance”, owing to the variety of non-Orthodox denominations that were allowed to build their churches here. A Catholic parish emerged also soon after the foundation of Saint-Petersburg. The earliest and the most beautiful is the Roman Catholic church of Saint Catherine(Kostyol Svyatoy Yekateriny), which was Saint-Petersburg’s main Roman Catholic Church. Inside it harbours the tombs of General Moreau, a Frenchman who fought on the Russian side against Napoleon. In the middle of the eighteenth century a man, whose name was de Ribas, came from Spain to Saint-Petersburg and later was sent to the Black Sea by Prince Potiomkin to build a new city that got the name of Odessa. All these people settled in special places – “slobodi”, which were located in all parts of the city.

17. Catholicism and its branches in Saint-Petersburg At the beginning of the second part of the nineteenth century the French embassy in Saint-Petersburg decided to build a special church for compatriots – Frenchmen. After a great number of designs, the church was built to the draughts of two architects – Benua and Peretyatkovich. The church of Lurd`s God`s Mother was begun in 1908 and was finished in a year – in 1909. From 1909, when the church was consecrated, a great number of French people were buried in this remarkable place. Lurd`s God`s Mother

18. Catholicism and its branches in Saint-Petersburg Armenian Church (Armyanskaya tserkov), an azure Neoclassical edifice, built in the 1770s by the German-born architect Felton, and set back from the street in its own courtyard. In the 18th -19th centuries in St. Petersburg Armenian soldiers, officials, intellectuals (doctors, teachers) and representatives of the Armenian aristocracy – the Lazarevs, Abamelik-Lazarevs, Loris-Melikovs, Delyanovs lived. The Armenian Church became the spiritual centre of the community. All citizens of “Northern Venice” can’t imagine their life without this church. Armenian Church

19. Lutheran and English churches

20. Lutheran and English churches St. Peter's Lutheran Church is situated at 22-24 Nevsky Prospect. It was erected by architect A.P. Briullov in 1833-38. In his design, A.P. Briullov parted from the style of Classicism, which was widely accepted in Russia at that time. The structure he created is one of the early monuments of the historical period developed in Russian architecture in the second half of the 19th century.

21. Lutheran and English churches The first Lutheran churches appeared at the beginning of the 17th century in the town of Nyenschantz. In St. Petersburg the first Lutheran church was opened in 1704 in Peter and Paul Fortress St. Peter's Lutheran Church is situated at 22-24 Nevsky Prospect. It was erected by architect A.P. Briullov in 1833-38.

22. Lutheran and English churches St. Michael’s Lutheran church ,located at 32/18a Sredny Avenue, Vasilievsky Island, the church was constructed in 1871-76 according to the design of military engineer K. K. Bulmering. The building is designed in the Neo-Gothic style. Church accommodated 800 people. In 1886, the facade was redesigned by architect R. B. Bernhard. In 1909, the congregation numbered 2,000 people.

23. Lutheran and English churches St. Catherine’s Swedish Lutheran church,located at 1-3 Malaya Konyushennaya Street. In 1767 under the direction of the German architect Felten, a new small church was built and consecrated according to the name of Saint Catherine. In 1863-65, it was replaced with a new neo-Romanesque church containing a portal and a rosette window (architect C. K. Andersson), the capable of seating - 1,200. In 1917, the community numbered nearly 5,200.

24. Lutheran and English churches The most famous German’s architects were STAKENSCHNEIDER Andrey Ivanovich (1802-1865), architect and graphic artist. MINNICH Christofor Antonovich (Burchard Kristoff) (1683-1767, St. Petersburg), statesman and military figure, General Field Marshal , General of Field Armory, General Policeman and President of the Military Collegium, BERING Vitus (1681-1741), navigator, Commandor Captain (1730), originally from Denmark. Mathematicion, the first President of the academy of Fine Arts Eiler, Dutch admiral K. KRYUS. CAMERON Charles (1745-1812, St.Petersburg), architect, native of Scotland. MENELAS Adam Adamovich, architect, landscape designer, native of Scotland. BRUCE Yakov Villimovich (James Daniel), count, state and war figure, general field marshal, a Senator and President of the Mining and Manufactory Collegium. BARCLAY DE TOLLI Mikhail Bogdanovt (Michael Andreas) (1757-1818), military leader and field marshal general served with the Russian Army, took part in wars against Turkey and Sweden, Governor General of Finland and the Commander-in-Chief of Finnish forces.

25. Jews in Saint-Petersburg

26. Jews in Saint-Petersburg Сhoral synagogue The 1st Jews appeared in St.Petersburg at the same time when the city was founded. 1868, the Jewish community of St.Petersburg entered an appeal to Tsar Alexander II for having a choral synagogue built in the city; the official permission was received in 1869. The architectural style of the synagogue is the Hispano-Moresque style of Alhambra, which was proposed by Vladimir Stasov, an eminent Russian art critic, as the conventional style of Jewish synagogues built in West European countries in the 19th century. The design was drawn up by architect Ivan Shaposhnikov (a Russian Orthodox); the architect of the interior design was Lev Bachman, the 1st Jewish student to enter Fine Arts Academy in St. Petersburg.

27. Buddhism in Saint-Petersburg

28. Buddhism in Saint-Petersburg Agvan Dorjiev(1853 -1938), Buryat lama, one of the XIIIth Dalai Lama's teachers and confidents, influenced spreading of buddhism in Saint Petersburg and in the hole Russia and contacting with Tibet. He was a very good diplomat and, although The Russian Orthodox Church was against of it, in September, 1909 Nicolas II allowed the building of the First Buddist Temple in Saint-Petersburg. The author of the very first project was an engineer N.M. Berezovsky. Then G.V. Baranovsky continued Berezovsky's work . Agvan Dorgjiev participated in this, as well. The first act of worship was conducted on 21 February 1913, on the 300th Anniversary of the Romanov Dynasty when the Temple was still in its scaffolding. In August 1915 the Temple was consecrated to "The Source of the Holy Teaching of the Buddha, Compassionate to All Beings".

29. Muslims in Saint-Petersburg

30. Muslims in Saint-Petersburg Today Saint-Petersburg Mosque is one of the largest in Europe. It can accomodate more than five thousand believers, that is very important for Saint-Petersburg, where thousands of Moslems live. The muslim community in Saint-Petersburg contained about eight thousand people, an in November, 1905 believers had formed the building comitee, consisting of twenty Moslems -merchants, officers, publicans. The Mosque was designed following in compliance the samples of Samarkand architecture. The corner stone of the building was laid on the 10th of Febraury, 1910. Later this year, in May, preparatory facing work, supervised by the German architect G.-F. Kann, started.

31. Coordinator: Alla Leonidovna Alexeeva Text is written by: Vlad Kapitonov Dmitry Fedorets Nastya Gorbova Nastya Shilina Presentation is made by: Vlad Patserin Vlad Kapitonov Anton Poll School № 525